The successful entrepreneurship of aqua farming relies on the production of aquatic animals in the cost effective, social and environmental friendly approach. Nevertheless, presently fish farming is suffering from various problems related to these. Biofloc technology and/or application of probiotics provide promising results to aquaculture in terms of improvement in the growth and survival of aquatic animals, along with other benefits such as maintaining water quality without causing pollution to the environment. Biofloc is mainly comprised of various beneficial microbial communities, but the action of some probiotics it contains is unknown. On the other hand, probiotics are single, known live microbial strains and their actions to the animals are well established. Therefore, probiotics are recognized for having the most important constituents in the aquaculture. Although biofloc method and probiotics applications are promised to have positive roles aforementioned, the fish welfare often disturbed as the survival of the animals are always less in the fish farming. These led researchers to try generate a new technique to minimize these concerns. Recently new strategy of integrating both biofloc and probiotics were introduced called the exogenous addition of known probiotic bacteria to the biofloc. The study was demonstrated in the area by keeping biofloc as a control. Results promised that addition of single or combination of known probiotics to the biofloc further improve the growth performance of animals in addition with the maintenance of water quality parameters. Besides they also were promising the highest survival to animals with the reduction of pathogenic microbes. An exogenous root of probiotic bacteria on biofloc based aquaculture is a novel approach; relatively less number of studies has been performed in the area. This review describes the impacts of exogenous probiotics on biofloc based fish culture systems.
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different carbon sources in biofloc based system for rearing amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus Lacepede 1803) fingerlings in inland saline groundwater. The study was undertaken in a complete randomised design (CRD) where each treatment was performed in triplicate. The experimental unit consisted of four different carbon sources viz., T1 (tapioca flour), T2 (wheat flour), T3 (rice bran), T4 (jaggery) and control (C) with water exchange for a duration of 45 days. Each tank (500 l) was stocked with 30 fingerlings with an average body weight of 11.17±0.34 g. At the end of the rearing period, biofloc based treatments showed significantly better growth performance compared to control. Among the treatments, jaggery based biofloc system showed the highest biomass (629.4±1.58 g), specific growth rate, SGR (1.32±0.03 % day-1), protein efficiency ratio, PER (0.29±0.05), and lowest feed conversion ratio, FCR (0.56±0.03). Digestive enzymes of the biofloc reared fishes showed enhanced activity compared to control group. Jaggery based biofloc (T4) showed significantly higher non-specific immune response in terms of respiratory burst activity (1.14±0.01), superoxide dismutase (44.59±0.19 U mg protein-1) and catalase (1.59 ± 0.01 U mg protein-1) activity compared to other biofloc treatments and the control. The present study concluded that jaggery is best as compared to others carbon sources tested (tapioca flour, wheat flour and rice bran) for better growth, non-specific immunity and digestive enzyme activity of amur carp fingerlings in biofloc based rearing system using inland saline groundwater.
A 90-day experiment was conducted to study haematological, serum biochemical and anti-oxidative enzymes responses of sutchi catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings in biofloc system using various carbon sources. The experiment consisted of four treatments and control (clearwater) having three replicates using three hundred sutchi catfish fingerlings (6.40 ± 0.05 g) in 15 tanks (20 in 100 L). Various carbon sources viz. tapioca, sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet were assigned as BFT-T, BFT-S, BFT-PM and BFT-FM, respectively. Post-rearing, sutchi catfish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (1 × 10 7 cfu/ml), and blood and serum parameters were analysed. During pre-challenge condition, significantly (p < 0.05) higher haemoglobin concentration (7.69 ± 0.13 g/dl), total erythrocytes count (1.62 ± 0.02 10 6 cells/mm 3 ), total leucocytes count (137.34 ± 4.37 10 3 cells/mm 3 ), packed cell volume (23.93 ± 1.84%) and mean corpuscular volume (142.33 ± 6.80 fL) were observed in BFT-FM as compared to control. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration did not differ significantly among the treatments. The serum biochemical parameters were significantly higher in BFT-FM compared to other treatments. The serum glucose (59.44 ± 2.04 mg/dl) and cortisol (50.82 ± 2.21 ng/ml) were significantly lower in BFT-FM than other treatments and control. Serum superoxide dismutase and catalase values increased significantly in biofloc groups when compared with control. The haematological and biochemical values did not differ significantly between the pre-and post-challenge conditions, and stimulated immune response was observed in sutchi catfish against A. hydrophila. The results reveal that finger millet-based biofloc application acts as an immunostimulator; and thereby, reducing the stress and improving haematology and biochemical status of P. hypophthalmus fingerlings.
A 90-days experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biofloc produced with different carbon sources on growth performances, survival and body indices of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings (average body weight: 6.4±0.05 g). The different carbon sources used in the experiment employing biofloc technology (BFT) were BFT-T (tapioca), BFT-S (sorghum), BFT-PM (pearl millet), BFT-FM (finger millet) and clear water with no addition of carbon source was treated as control. At the end of the experiment, significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain (24.34±0.50 g), Specific growth rate, SGR (1.37±0.02% day-1); Feed efficiency ratio, FER (0.47±0.01); Protein efficiency ratio, PER (1.47±0.03) and lower Feed conversion ratio, FCR (2.12±0.03) were witnessed in the group where finger millet was used as a carbon source (BFTFM) and significantly lower responses were noticed in the control (CW). Results showed that there were no significantdifferences (p>0.05) in hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index of fish between the different experimental groups. During the termination of the experiment, no mortality was seen among the different experimental groups. Based on the results acquired from this study, finger millet could be used as an ideal carbon source for biofloc to augment the growth and productivity of P. hypophthalmus under farming.
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