A dynamically rapid method used for tracking the maximum power point of photovoltaic arrays, known as ripple correlation control, is presented and verified against experiment. The technique takes advantage of the signal ripple, which is automatically present in power converters. The ripple is interpreted as a perturbation from which a gradient ascent optimization can be realized. The technique converges asymptotically at maximum speed to the maximum power point without the benefit of any array parameters or measurements. The technique has simple circuit implementations. Index Terms-Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic (PV), ripple correlation control (RCC).

A complete digital audio amplifier has been developed, implemented and tested. The process is entirely computational, and the output load and filter are the only analog components in the system. The process makes use of digital signal processing and a switching power stage to provide both high fidelity and high efficiency, beginning with a digital audio data stream. The advantages of naturally-sampled pulse-width modulation (PWM) are discussed in depth, including spectral analysis and comparisons to uniformly-sampled PWM. It is shown that natural PWM does not introduce audible distortion at switching frequencies consistent with power electronics practice. Interpolation methods for sample data conversion to natural PWM are discussed, and error analysis is presented based on Lagrange's Expansion Theorem. Noise-shaping processes are used to support high fidelity with practical values of time resolution. A counter conversion process enforces switching dead time in the inverter gate signals. The experimental full-bridge inverter implementation demonstrates that miniaturization is possible. A complete test system delivered more than 50 W into an 8 load with an efficiency of 80% and total harmonic distortion plus noise of 0.02%. Index Terms-Class D amplifier, digital audio amplifier, noiseshaping, pulse-width modulation, uniform and natural sampling. NOMENCLATURE Differences between actual crossing times and noise-shaper output. Duty ratio. Generalized frequency. Carrier waveform (switching) frequency. Low-pass filter cutoff frequency. Signal bandlimit frequency.. Integer cycle number; frequency index. Smallest positive integer that gives .

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