In this chapter, we discuss the principal uses of baobab (Adansonia digitata), detar (Detarium microcarpum), nere (Parkia biglobosa), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), shea tree or karite (Vitellaria paradoxa) and ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) in Sahel, Africa. These species were preferred by farmers because of their nutritional, medicinal and income-generating values and their potential value. The current and future plans for their domestication are discussed.

Pest management research within the context of agroforestry is in its infancy, and it is often difficult to say when a particular pest justifies investment in research to establish facts. Understanding the potentials and drawbacks of farmers' indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) may form the basis for constructive collaboration between farmers, agroforestry scientists and extension staff. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to (1) assess farmers' knowledge and perceptions of pests, (2) prioritize pest problems that limit tree planting and maize production based on farmers' own criteria and (3) to identify farmers' indigenous pest management practices for priority pests. Data were collected using community meetings, individual interviews and direct observation by the first author. The farmers involved in this study in eastern Zambia had over ten years of experience, while most of the farmers in Mozambique and parts of southern Malawi were new to agroforestry. Farmers perceived insects as the major causes of tree mortality, followed by drought, bush fires and browsing by livestock. Among the biological constraints to maize production, insects (particularly termites and stalk bores) and weeds (particularly Striga asiatica) were more important in farmers' minds than crop diseases. Fundamentally, the farmers' perception of the causes of tree mortality and crop pests agreed with researchers' perceptions and the literature. Both termite and witch weed problems were associated with low soil quality, and farmers use various indigenous control practices to control these pests. Some farmers did not know the causes of tree mortality, and hence do not take action. Farmer's perception of tree mortality was found to be a function of operator-specific variables such as sex, level of education and years of experience with tree species.

A great deal of attention is being given in Canada at present to La notion de foresterie cornmunautaire q o i t actuellement beauthe idea of community forest. This is occurring at a time of coup d'attention au Canada. Cela survient au moment oh une attenunprecedented attention to forest management on one hand, and tion sans prkckdent est accord6 B l'arnknagement forestier d'une to community empowerment on the other. We conceive of a compart, et au rkveil socio-kconomique des communautks. La notion munity forest as a tree-dominated ecosystem managed for mulde foresterie communautaire fait rkfkrence aux kcosyst~mes tiple community values and benefits by the community.domines

Community forestry is becoming an increasingly important policy issue for provincial governments in Canada. Many single-industry communities in the northern parts of the provinces, surrounded as they are by forests, are looking to forest resources for possible economic diversification and stability. At the same time as there is increasing interest, there is little understanding about what community forestry could and should be for communities surrounded by Crown land forests. This paper looks at some definitions and dimensions of community forestry, as well as reviewing briefly some experiences with it. We examine various ways in which community forestry might be different from provincial government forestry and industrial forestry, and reflect on whether community forestry could lead to improvements in forest management. We conclude with some thoughts on potential future directions for community forestry in Ontario. Key words: community forestry. Crown land forests, single-industry communities, land tenure, local involvement, economic stability, Northern Ontario

During the 1999-2000 indigenous fruit ripening season, a detailed marketing research study was conducted in Zimbabwe to generate baseline information on the prevailing marketing system for Uapaca kirkiana and Strychnos cocculoides, including consumer preferences and willingness to pay for the fruits. The study also explored the possibility of expanding marketing opportunities for these fruits. This chapter discusses the interesting findings of this study. It describes the marketing chain, characterization of the price formation system, price inefficiencies, lack of marketing transparency and the resulting imperfections in the system.

In this chapter, we review the state of knowledge about germplasm delivery and the propagation and nursery management of miombo fruit trees in Africa. The chapter will be limited to examples relevant to small-farm agroforestry systems in southern Africa as opposed to highly intensive monocultural orchard production systems. We discuss the factors involved in determining the most appropriate methods of propagation for particular species, and the associated constraints and limitations in scaling up the domestication of indigenous fruit trees in southern Africa.

This chapter shows the results of more than a decade of collaborative work between the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and its regional partners on local knowledge systems, nutritional value, product development and the processing of indigenous fruits from the miombo ecosystem of southern Africa.

This synthesis provides an overview of efforts in domesticating indigenous fruit trees as tree crops, and commercializing their products. This chapter is a product of several years of research by a large team of specialists in the southern Africa region and beyond.