Water quality evaluation of Kanhan river and its tributaries viz. Pench and Nag rivers was carried out in order to assess the qualitative changes and possibility of point and non-point pollution loads in these rivers for the post monsoon and summer seasons. pH, turbidity, conductivity, total alkalinity and total hardness were found in the range 7.18.7, 0.835 (NTU), 227970 (microScm(-1)), 7.18.7, 158486 (mg/L) and 142246 (mg/L), respectively. Ca, Mg, Na and K were in the range 2462, 1328, 15183 and 333 mg/L, respectively. The respective ranges of Cl, SO(4), NO(3) and PO(4) were observed between 19102, 823, 332 and 0.11.4 mg/L. DO and COD in the rivers ranged between nil to 8.5 and 7172 mg/L, respectively. Absence of DO and higher COD in Nag river is due to its sewage content from Nagpur city. Nag river showed higher bacterial counts than Kanhan and Pench rivers. The temporal and spatial variability in the river water quality may be attributed to catchment characteristics, agricultural and urban activities in catchment and on the bank of the river. The values of RSC, ESP and SAR indicated that the water of Kanhan and Pench rivers are suitable, whereas that of Nag river is unsuitable for irrigation purpose.
The water treatment plant at the Hingna industrial area receives raw water from Ambazari Lake and supplies drinking water to industrial area, after conventional treatment. The treated water was found to have a pungent odour and yellow colour, which in turn changed from a brown to black precipitate. The water becomes aesthetically unacceptable to consumers. It was observed that a blackish precipitate formation was due to the presence of iron and manganese in lake water, which was not completely removed during treatment. To remove iron and manganese from drinking water, treatment studies were carried out with chlorine and KMnO 4 as oxidants. Alum and lime were added for coagulation and pH correction. Jar test studies revealed that treatment with potassium permanganate at pH 7.7-8.0 was effective in the removal of iron, manganese and organics, which were responsible for causing colour and odour to water. The studies helped in improvements in water quality for safe drinking water supply.
An assessment of the water quality has been carried out to explore the water quality index (WQI) of Chenab river and its tributaries in Jammu Kashmir (India). Fourteen water samples from Chenab river and its tributaries at various locations were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. Nine parameters i.e. BOD, DO, fecal coliforms, nitrate, pH, temperature change, TDS, total phosphate and turbidity were considered for calculating the WQI based on National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) information system. The WQI showed good water quality, except Bichleri stream water indicating that water of Chenab river and its tributaries are least polluted and is suitable for drinking after conventional treatment. The WQI rating of Bichleri stream water is medium as it carries wastewater and may not be useful for domestic use without treatment.
The study was conducted on the status of water supply at Indore through SDWQ. The performance of the Narmada and Devdharan WTPs was assessed from catchment to consumer for consecutive 7 days during three seasons. No significant change in raw water quality was observed on day-today basis. During monsoon, the turbidity of raw water was 690-1530 NTU which was reduced to 0.3-3.7 NTU after treatment. TC and FC were not detected in filtered water. The treated water quality was found within CPHEEO guidelines. At ESR, the residual chlorine was 0.1-0.6 mg/l. During winter, the water from ESR and from consumer ends was free from FC, whereas TC counts at consumer ends were 7-607 CFU/100 ml. During summer, on one occasion, TC and FC counts were found in ESR, whereas at the consumer ends, most of the samples were positive for TC and FC. The variation in bacterial counts amongst the different service reservoirs and consumer ends was due to poor maintenance of ESRs and enroute contamination. The proper maintenance of the distribution network, awareness about the hygienic and sanitary conditions around the public taps and proper storage of water are prerequisites in maintaining safe water supply in the city.
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