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The reaction products and kinetics of the oxidation of several substituted toluenes by Co111 acetate in acetic acid solution were determined. Under anaerobic conditions the substituted toluenes were first converted into benzyl acetate and subsequently into benzaldehyde. Under anaerobic and aerobic conditions the same rate equation and rate constant were found for the oxidation, but the product distribution differed strongly. The main products of the aerobic oxidation are benzaldehyde and benzoic acid, derived from the substituted toluenes used. Regeneration of Co111 acetate occurs in aerobic solutions, which leads to stationary values for the concentration ratios Coni/Co" and RCHO/RCH3. A reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the results obtained.

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We had reason to doubt the correctness of current opinion that the formula of the calcium–aluminium lake of alizarin (Turkey Red) is Ca2A13Az4 (where Az represents an alizarin molecule minus two hydroxylic hydrogen atoms). We therefore carried out a further study of this complex, the results of which are presented in this paper. The molecular structure of the complex has been established. The complex has been prepared in vitro and purified by washing, crystallisation, and chromatographic separation. The structure has been elucidated by conventional analytical methods, including infrared spectroscopy. The basic compound has been established to be CaAl(OH)(Az)z, in which calcium is bound as an ion and aluminium forms part of a chelate ring with the 9‐carboxyl and 1‐hydroxyl groups of alizarin. This compound can take up three molecules of water, forming a new compound in which the water molecules are part of the molecular lattice. This new compound can form a hydrate with another three molecules of water.