Efficacy of 2 cooling systems (Korral Kool, KK, Korral Kool Inc., Mesa, AZ; FlipFan dairy system, FF, Schaefer Ventilation Equipment LLC, Sauk Rapids, MN) was estimated utilizing 400 multiparous Holstein dairy cows randomly assigned to 1 of 4 cooled California-style shade pens (2 shade pens per cooling system). Each shaded pen contained 100 cows (days in milk=58±39, milk production=56±18 kg/d, and lactation=3±1). Production data (milk yield and reproductive performance) were collected during 3mo (June-August, 2013) and physiological responses (core body temperature, respiration rates, surface temperatures, and resting time) were measured in June and July to estimate responses of cows to the 2 different cooling systems. Water and electricity consumption were recorded for each system. Cows in the KK system displayed slightly lower respiration rates in the month of June and lower surface temperatures in June and July. However, no differences were observed in the core body temperature of cows, resting time, feed intake, milk yield, services/cow, and conception rate between systems. The FF system used less water and electricity during this study. In conclusion, both cooling systems (KK and FF) were effective in mitigating the negative effects of heat stress on cows housed in arid environments, whereas the FF system consumed less water and electricity and did not require use of curtains on the shade structure.

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Eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) and the thirteen‐lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) exhibit seasonal changes in body weight and energy intake. The magnitude and timing of these cycles are affected by photo‐period. The amount of energy intake was greater in the Eastern chipmunk than it was in the ground squirrel; however, the converse occurred in the seasonal weight changes.

Commonwealth contributions to the British diet 9'be favourable compared with that of natural fats, and would almost certainly approach that of fatty acids from petroleum which presumably do not offer an attractive commercial proposition, since no company has yet undertaken the process.I would suggest that synthetic detergents will command a share of the detergent market which will depend on their efficiency and price. To that extent they will relieve the requirements for oils and fats of the detergent industry. Meanwhile, until we have exhausted the possibility of providing oils and fats themselves, I would suggest that no useful purpose is served by forcing something on the housewife which she may not want, and which can in any case only be produced by erecting a vast amount of new plant and equipment to produce oils and fats at apparently uneconomic prices. I happen to be connected with two companies owning sugar estates and sugar factories in Jamaica and Trinidad, and we are necessarily much concerned with the welfare and nutrition of the local populations which are increasing at an alarming rate. For instance, the population of Jamaica will, at the present rate, double itself in 35 years.Sugar is the main crop in most of the islands, and increased production is of the greatest importance. More employment can be given when the increased production is the result of bringing new land into cultivation, but it is a fact that a great part of the increased production is caused by increases in yields of sugar per acre resulting from improved and mechanized cultivation, pest and weed control, and field trials of varieties and of manures, which are carried out on a large scale.Increased production of sugar cannot alone do all that is required to feed the people, and we have to look for other methods, particularly in view of the fact that these islands, primarily agricultural, import large quantities of meat, milk and other foodstuffs from outside. One example of what is being attempted may be mentioned. I n Barbados, where large quantities of condensed milk are imported, many of the sugar-cane estates are building up dairy herds. Fodder is plentiful in the wet season and cane tops can be used during the cutting of the cane crop; for the short period between the cane crop and the return of green fodder after the onset of the rains, making of silage is being developed.In the peasant agriculture, most of the holdings are very small and worked by the available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi