Genetically modified auxotrophic mutants of different fish pathogens have been used as live vaccines in laboratory experiments, but the behavior of the strains after release into aquatic ecosystems has not been characterized. We previously constructed and characterized an aroA mutant of Aeromonas hydrophila and studied the protection afforded by this mutant as a live vaccine in rainbow trout. In this work, we describe the survival of this strain in aquatic microcosms prepared from fish water tanks. The aroA mutant disappeared rapidly in nonfiltered, nonautoclaved fish tank water, declining below detection levels after 15 days, suggesting an inhibitory effect of the autochthonous microflora of the water. When the aroA strain was used to inoculate sterilized water, its culturability was lower than that of wild-type strain A. hydrophila AG2; after long periods of incubation, aroA cells were able to enter a viable but nonculturable state. Entry into this nonculturable state was accompanied by changes in the cell morphology from rods to spheres, but the cells appeared to remain potentially viable, as assessed by the preservation of cell membrane integrity. Supplementation of the culture medium with sodium pyruvate favored the culturability and resuscitation of the two A. hydrophila strains at low temperatures (6 and 16°C). These results contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of the aroA strain in natural environments and suggest that the inactivation of the aroA gene may be beneficial for the safety of this live vaccine for aquacultures.

The ontogenetic development of IgM-containing cells is described as demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining with a mouse anti-trout IgM monoclonal antibody and the differentiation of enzyme-histochemical markers in the non-lymphoid cells forming the stroma of the thymus, spleen and kidney of the rainbow trout. The first lymphoid cells staining with the monoclonal antibody occurred at day4-5 after hatching in the renal lympho-haemopoietic tissue. By I month after hatching IgM-positive cells also appeared in the spleen and thymus. Enzyme-histochemical demonstration of the alkaline and acid phosphatase and non-specific a-naphthyl acetate esterase enzymatic activities in the non-lymphoid cells indicated that a certain degree of maturation of the cellular stroma of the developing lymphoid organs of trout was reached before or at the time when IgM-expressing cells could be observed. The relationships of the stromal components of the various lymphoid organs to the development of IgM-positive cells, and the possible role of the renal lympho-haemopoietic tissue as a primary lymphoid organ for B-cell differentiation in the trout are discussed.

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This study reports the ultrastructure of subpopulations of epithelial cells of the thymic parenchyma during the post-hatching development of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdner, kept at 14 degrees C. At hatching, the thymus contained a small number of medium and large thymocytes interspersed among three different types of epithelial cells: (1) epithelial cells adjacent to the connective tissue capsule; (2) ramified dark epithelial cells with electron-dense cytoplasm; and (3) pale electron-lucent epithelial cells displaying secretory-like features. All these cells types were anchored to one another by desmosomes and had apparently differentiated from the pharyngeal epithelium. At 4 days after hatching, the thymus enlarged, and numerous gaps occurred between the cell processes of contiguous epithelial cells adjacent to the capsular connective tissue. In 21-day-old trout, thymic trabeculae developed carrying blood vessels, and a subcapsular zone became evident containing lymphoblasts and large subcapsular epithelial cells. In 30-day-old trout, an outer thymic zone developed consisting of spindle-shaped epithelial cells which formed a dense network. At this stage, scattered cystic cells, which apparently differentiated from the pale epithelial cells, were present.

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