The extent of perennial sea ice in the East Arctic Ocean (0–180°E) decreased by nearly one half with an abrupt reduction of 0.95 × 106 km2, while the West Arctic Ocean (0–180°W) had a slight gain of 0.23 × 106 km2 between 2004 and 2005, as observed by satellite scatterometer data during November–December. The net decrease in the total perennial ice extent is 0.72 × 106 km2, about the size of Texas. Perennial ice in the East Arctic Ocean continued to be depleted with an areal reduction of 70% from October 2005 to April 2006. With the East Arctic Ocean dominated by seasonal sea ice, a strong summer melt may open a vast ice‐free region with a possible record minimum ice extent largely confined to the West Arctic Ocean. Simultaneous scatterometer measurements of sea ice and winds will be crucial for sea ice monitoring and forecasts.
Mackenzie River discharge and bathymetry effects on sea ice in the Beaufort Sea are examined in 2012 when Arctic sea ice extent hit a record low. Satellite-derived sea surface temperature revealed warmer waters closer to river mouths. By 5 July 2012, Mackenzie warm waters occupied most of an open water area about 316,000 km 2 . Surface temperature in a common open water area increased by 6.5°C between 14 June and 5 July 2012, before and after the river waters broke through a recurrent landfast ice barrier formed over the shallow seafloor offshore the Mackenzie Delta. In 2012, melting by warm river waters was especially effective when the strong Beaufort Gyre fragmented sea ice into unconsolidated floes. The Mackenzie and other large rivers can transport an enormous amount of heat across immense continental watersheds into the Arctic Ocean, constituting a stark contrast to the Antarctic that has no such rivers to affect sea ice.
CAPSULE SUMMARY:Benefits from common modeling infrastructure and component 27 interface standards are being realized in a suite of national weather and climate codes. 28 ABSTRACT 29The Earth System Prediction Suite (ESPS) is a collection of flagship U.S. weather and climate 30 models and model components that are being instrumented to conform to interoperability 31 conventions, documented to follow metadata standards, and made available either under open 32 source terms or to credentialed users. 33The ESPS represents a culmination of efforts to create a common Earth system model 34 architecture, and the advent of increasingly coordinated model development activities in the U.S. 35 ESPS component interfaces are based on the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF), 36 community-developed software for building and coupling models, and the National Unified 37Operational Prediction Capability (NUOPC) Layer, a set of ESMF-based component templates 38 and interoperability conventions. This shared infrastructure simplifies the process of model 39 coupling by guaranteeing that components conform to a set of technical and semantic behaviors. BODY TEXT 49The software infrastructure that underlies Earth system models includes workhorse utilities as 50 well as libraries generated by research efforts in computer science, mathematics, and 51 computational physics. The utilities cover tasks like time management and error handling, while 52 research-driven libraries include areas such as high performance I/O, algorithms for grid 53 remapping, and programming tools for optimizing software on emerging computer architectures. multiple weather and climate modeling centers could share. This idea was shaped by an ad-hoc, 60 multi-agency working group that had started meeting several years earlier, and was echoed in 61 reports on the state of U.S. climate modeling (NRC 1998, NRC 2001, Rood et al. 2000. Leads 62 from research and operational centers posited that common infrastructure had the potential to 63 foster collaborative development and transfer of knowledge; lessen redundant code; advance 641 Codes compared are CESM 1.0.3, at about 820K lines of code (Alexander and Easterbrook 2011), and ESMF 6.3.0rp1, at about 920K lines of code (ESMF metrics available online at: https://www.earthsystemcog.org/projects/esmf/sloc_annual) 4 computational capabilities, model performance and predictive skill; and enable controlled 65 experimentation in coupled systems and ensembles. This vision of shared infrastructure has been 66 revisited in more recent publications and venues; for example, in the 2012 National Research 67Council report entitled A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling (NRC 2012). 68In this article we describe how the vision of common infrastructure is being realized, and how it 69 is changing the approach to Earth system modeling in the U.S. Central to its implementation is 70an Earth System Prediction Suite (ESPS), a collection of weather and climate models and model 71 components that are being instrumented to confor...
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