Phylogenetic relationships among the genera and subgenera of the Scaeva‐Eupeodes clade (Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae) were analyzed based on molecular characters. Sequence data from three gene regions were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference: the mitochondrial protein‐coding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes. The genus Paragus (single representative of the tribe Paragini) was resolved as sister group of the monophyletic Scaeva‐Eupeodes lineage. Inside this clade, a Neotropical radiation of genera was well supported comprising Notosyrphus, Austroscaeva gen. nov., and Dioprosopa. For the first time, the placement of Doros, Pseudodoros, and Betasyrphus was inferred using molecular data. Our results resolved the genus Pseudodoros as sister group of Ischiodon, corroborating the generic rank of Ischiodon, Simosyrphus, Dioprosopa, and Pseudodoros. The current subgeneric division of Eupeodes with three subgenera is not supported by our data. Present results and the study of adult morphological characters prompted us to erect a new genus, Austroscaeva gen. nov., which includes four Neotropical species, that is, Austroscaeva melanostoma (Macquart, 1842) comb. nov., Austroscaeva occidentalis (Shannon, 1927) comb. nov., Austroscaeva patagoniensis (Kassebeer, 1999) comb. nov., and Austroscaeva penai (Marnef in Dušek & Láska, 1985) comb. nov. We described and characterized Austroscaeva gen. nov., and provided the description of the male of Scaeva patagoniensis (=Austroscaeva patagoniensis) and Scaeva penai (=Austroscaeva penai), as well as an illustrated identification key for the Austroscaeva species. Moreover, we explained and stated that the correct name for Syrphus lunatus Wiedemann, 1830 is Scaeva opimia (Walker, 1852).

Abstract.A review of all known descriptions of immature stages of the species of the genera Scaeva Fabricius, 1805, Ischiodon Sack, 1913 and Simosyrphus Bigot, 1882 is presented using SEM illustrations. The third instar larval and/or pupal morphology of Scaeva dignota (Rondani, 1857), Scaeva mecogramma (Bigot, 1860) and Simosyrphus grandicornis (Macquart, 1842) are newly described. All species of the genera studied in this paper are very similar for all the studied characters of their immature stages, including the chaetotaxy. Molecular characters of the mitochondrial cox1 gene (1128bp) were used for inferring relationships of the studied taxa. The nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) was additionally applied for species delimitation of the closely related species Scaeva selenitica and S. dignota. The Palaearctic Scaeva species could be split into two groups based on the analysis of morphology of posterior respiratory process. These groups were previously diagnosed as S. selenitica

Láska P. (2011): Biology of Trioza apicalis -a review. Plant Protect. Sci., 47: 68-77.The morphology and biology of immature stages and the distinguishing characters of generations in summer are briefly reviewed. The time of migration of the overwintered generation and the use of the median flight time are given. The longevity of overwintered adults, and the start and course of oviposition by overwintered females were observed mainly during June and July. The interval between adult emergence and flights from carrots appears to be very short, 2-3 days. Departure from developmental summer host plants culminates at the beginning of September. The sex ratio of the overwintered generation is not persistent, since it is usually female-biased. In emerged adults in summer the ratio is 50:50, with weak protandry. The systemic action of sucking for the curling of leaves was found by Láska already in 1964. In literature records, both subspecies of Daucus carota dominate as developmental hosts, more recently Coriandrum sativum was shown to be more suitable than Petroselinum hortense. Norway spruce, and to a lesser extent other conifers, are predominantly mentioned as overwintering shelter plants. It is not clear how overwintering occurs in regions without coniferous forests, and only undefined shrubs or trees are given in the literature. The first damage was reported in Denmark about in 1896, spreading from about 1918 over just a few years to the other Fennoscandian countries, and later in some other European countries. The spring migration is discussed, which occurs in central and northern Europe on the same date, perhaps explicable by the orientation of this pest or its particular populations to long days, despite the climate and phenology of each region. It is hypothesised that a particularly aggressive race evolved in Sjaelland (Denmark) at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, which later spread to other regions of northern and central Europe.

KOCOUREK F., LÁSKA P., JAROŠÍK V. (2002): Thermal requirements for flight of six species of flea beetle of the genus Phyllotreta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Plant Protect. Sci., 38: 76-80.The flight activity of six species of the flea beetles of the genus Phyllotreta was monitored by means of yellow water traps in three years. The percentage composition of the total catch of adults made up of the species was 29.5% (P. vittula), 28.8% (P. atra), 17.5% (P. undulata), 12.8% (P. nigripes), 7.1% (P. vittata) and 4.3% (P. nemorum). The flight activity of each species had two peaks. The spring peak was made up of overwintering adults migrating to host plants, and the summer peak of newly emerged adults. A regression model of flight activity in both generations was established based on the sum of day degrees above the temperature threshold for flight (10.2°C). The onset of flight activity of adults of the overwintering generation in spring started at 30 day degrees, and that of the adults of the summer generation at 280 day degrees. These temperature requirements for flight activity indicate when best to inspect crops for effective pest management.Keywords : Phyllotreta vittula; P. undulata; P. nigripes; P. vittata; P. nemorum 77Plant Protection Science -2002 Vol. 38, No. 2: 76-80 MATERIAL AND METHODSFlea beetles were captured by yellow water-traps at Olomouc, the Czech Republic, from [1981][1982][1983]. Traps were placed on bare soil near a cabbage field (in 1981), or on black fallow (0.25 ha) 50 m away from a cabbage field surrounded by small plots of various vegetables or forage crops (in 1982, 1983). The yellow traps (diam. 28 cm) were filled with 0.01% water emulsion of Ambush 25 EC (25% permethrin) plus a detergent Agral (0.01%). Two traps, 10 m apart, were run every year. The traps were emptied every 2-3 days. Trapping was performed during the period of above zero temperatures, between March and November. Standard meteorological data were recorded at a station 3.5 km from the experimental fields.Each season, the pattern of flight activity of each species was described using the numbers of adults caught in the traps over 2-3 day intervals. The overwintering and summer generations of adults were separated based on the onset of occurrence of immature beetles of the summer generation. To determine the thermal requirements for flight cumulative flight activity was plotted against the sum of day degrees experienced each day above the temperature threshold for flight (10.2°C). The temperature threshold was the lowest maximum daily temperature for flight (LÁSKA & KOCOUREK 1991). The day degrees were calculated, starting each season on January 1 st , as Σ [(daily maximum -daily minimum)/2] -(temperature threshold for flight). RESULTSThe proportions of the total capture of adults that consisted of each species were 29.5% (P. vittula), 28.8% (P. atra), 17.5% (P. undulata), 12.8% (P. nigripes), 7.1% (P. vittata) and 4.3% (P. nemorum). The numbers of overwintering and summer generation adults of the cruciferous...

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