Seidenglanz M., Rotrekl J., Smýkalová I., Poslušná J., Kolařík P. (2010): Differences between the effects of insecticidal seed and foliar treatments on pea leaf weevils (Sitona lineatus L.) in the field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Protect. Sci., 46: 19-27.Tested seed treatments (two doses of thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam + fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M; two doses of clothianidin + beta-cyfluthrin) showed high effects on pea leaf weevils (Sitona lineatus L.) which approved relatively long-lasting and sufficient protection of several bottom nodes of stipules simultaneously. The effects of foliar treatments (chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin; acetamiprid, lambda-cyhalothrin) sometimes were evident only on the node which was determined as the youngest node at the time of spraying. The effects of the compared seed and foliar treatments on the reduction of S. lineauts larvae numbers on roots were not proven as positive. It is possible to conclude that the foliar application had no real effect in this sense at all. However, positive significant effects of thiamethoxam and clothianidin + beta-cyfluthrin on root nodulation in general were recorded. Especially higher doses of the seed treatments increased overall nodulation from 43% till 363%.
From 2007-2011, the occurrence of ground beetles (<em>Coleoptera</em>: <em>Carabidae</em>) was studied using emergence traps in two differently managed alfalfa fields in the Czech Republic - a conventional and an ecological production system. In total, 784 specimens of ground beetles representing 58 species were trapped in these two alfalfa fields in South Moravia. A slightly higher number of specimens were trapped in the conventionally managed than in the ecological alfalfa stand (404 <em>vs</em> 380, respectively). In the conventionally managed alfalfa stand, the number of species was also higher than in the ecological stand (45 <em>vs</em> 40, respectively). With the exception of 2007 and 2009, Simpson’s indices of diversity were higher in the conventional stand than in the ecological in all study years. Shannon’s index was higher in the conventional alfalfa field in 2008, 2009, and 2011. Regarding distribution, species classified into group E (<em>i.e.</em>, those without special demands on the type and quality of their habitat) dominated in both types of management throughout the experimental period. The incidence of species classified into group R (<em>i.e</em>., those with narrow ecological amplitude) was very low;<em> i.e</em>., only four species. These ground beetle species are included in the Red List of Threatened Species of the Czech Republic, and all of them (<em>i.e</em>. <em>Acupalpus</em> <em>suturalis</em>, <em>Calosoma</em> <em>auropunctatum</em>, <em>Cicindela</em> <em>germanica</em> and <em>Ophonus</em> <em>cribricollis</em>) are listed as vulnerable.
Seventeen insecticide treatments were tested at the M.S.U. Research Farm, in Entrican, MI, for the control of Colorado potato beetles (CPB). ‘Snowden’ potatoes were planted 12 inches apart with a 34-inch row spacing on 21 May. Treatments were replicated four times and assigned to plots in a RCB design. Plots measured 45 ft in length and three rows wide. The Admire, CGA-293343 4 FS, CGA-293343/CGA-173506 1.5%, CGA-293343/CGA-173506 2.0%, and Temik treatments were all applied at planting. The first foliar treatment was applied at 40% CPB hatch on 23 Jun using a tractor-mounted sprayer (30 gal/acre, 40 psi). Subsequent first-generation sprays were applied on 1 Jul and 7 Jul. Agri-Mek and Agenda were applied on 23 Jun and 7 Jul only. Spintor (both rates) was applied on both 23 Jun and 27 Jun. Alert and Acrobat were applied on each of the spray dates. Insecticide effectiveness was determined by counting various stages of CPB on four or three randomly selected plants from the middle row of each plot. A count of four plants was done on 25 Jun. Counts of three plants per plot were done on 3 Jul, 10 Jul, and 18 Jul. Due to light CPB pressure due to a cold spring and early summer, second-generation sprays were not needed this year. All plots were sprayed with Agri-Mek on 23 Jul for the second-generation beetles present. Each plot was assessed for defoliation on 3 Jul and 10 Jul. The middle row of potatoes from each plot was harvested on 4 Sep, separated by size and weight.
Onions were direct seeded on 1 May at a site in Ingham County, MI. Plots were 20 ft long double rows with 16 inch spacing between double rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (four replications per treatment) with one unsprayed buffer row between each treatment row. Foliar treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a single flat fan nozzle (TEEJET 8002VS) at 45 psi and 60 gal/acre. The NTN sidedress treatment was applied 9 Jul in a 1 inch furrow, 3 inches from the base of the plants, then covered with soil. The NTN foliar and the NTN foliar plus spreader treatments were first applied on 24 Jul; all foliar treatments (including NTN) were applied on 4, 11, and 18 Aug. Plots untreated as of 4 Aug (i.e. all but the NTN treatments) were sampled for thrips. Ten consecutive plants/replication were randomly selected and the thrips rinsed off the plants with approximately 250 ml of 75% ethanol. Thrips were filtered out of the ethanol and counted. On 6 and 20 Aug all treatments were sampled for thrips as described above.
Onions ‘Golden Cascade’ were seeded at the Brink Farm near Grant Michigan on 4 May in single rows using a vee-belt seeder with a 1-inch wide shoe. Plots were 15 ft long, replicated five times in a randomized complete block arrangement, 12 inches between rows, with untreated buffer rows between each plot. Plots were seeded at 12 seeds per foot, for a total of 180 seeds per plot. There were four seed treatments with Trigard plus three in-furrow insecticide treatments and associated control treatments. Trigard treatments were: a previously tested pellet formulation containing sand, a new pellet containing diatomaceous earth, and a seed coat held on the seed with a thin film coat. Pelleted seed included the fungicide Progrow. Seed film coat treatment and untreated seed included thiram. Lorsban, Dyfonate, and Admire treatments were applied in furrow at planting with thiram-treated seed. Three weeks post-planting, 100 plant sections in each replicate (or the entire replicate if 100 plants were not present) were marked. The number of damaged plants in each 100 plant section were counted weekly from 8 Jun-8 Jul. Final stand counts were made at the end of the season.
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