Fig. 1. An articulated planar reformatted visualization of a mouse, where the skull has been selected and is shown at three different timepoints in the focus views. The visualization shows a slice of the volume with a corresponding bounding box. Additionally, the global overview shows a semi-transparent surface rendering of the atlas surfaces.Abstract-The analysis of multi-timepoint whole-body small animal CT data is greatly complicated by the varying posture of the subject at different timepoints. Due to these variations, correctly relating and comparing corresponding regions of interest is challenging. In addition, occlusion may prevent effective visualization of these regions of interest. To address these problems, we have developed a method that fully automatically maps the data to a standardized layout of sub-volumes, based on an articulated atlas registration. We have dubbed this process articulated planar reformation, or APR. A sub-volume can be interactively selected for closer inspection and can be compared with the corresponding sub-volume at the other timepoints, employing a number of different comparative visualization approaches. We provide an additional tool that highlights possibly interesting areas based on the change of bone density between timepoints. Furthermore we allow visualization of the local registration error, to give an indication of the accuracy of the registration. We have evaluated our approach on a case that exhibits cancer-induced bone resorption.

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This paper explores new methods to visualize and fuse multi-2D bioluminescence imaging (BLI) data with structural imaging modalities such as micro CT and MR. A geometric, back-projection-based 3D reconstruction for superficial lesions from multi-2D BLI data is presented, enabling a coarse estimate of the 3D source envelopes from the multi-2D BLI data. Also, an intuitive 3D landmark selection is developed to enable fast BLI / CT registration. Three modes of fused BLI / CT visualization were developed: slice visualization, carousel visualization and 3D surface visualization. The added value of the fused visualization is demonstrated in three small-animal experiments, where the sensitivity of BLI to detect cell clusters is combined with anatomical detail from micro-CT imaging.

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2975equilibria. For example, in contrast to the results presented above for increases in Ga concentration, increases in the A1 concentration achieved by adding pure Al wire to aluminosilicate solutions leads to a depolymerization of oligomeric anion^.^'-^^ The dissolution of 1 mol of pure A1 consumes 1 mol of hydroxide ions to produce 1 mol of aluminate anions, but the addition of 1 mol of Ga3+ ions consumes 4 mol of hydroxide ions to produce 1 mol of gallate anions. Thus, the addition of Ga(N03)3 to silicate solutions causes a greater reduction in the pH of the solution than the addition of pure Al. The lower pH results in an increase in the extent of solution polymerization. It is also noted by 29Si NMR peak widths that the exchange rates between gallate anions and small silicate anions (i.e., dimer and linear trimer anions) is faster than those observed for aluminosilicate solutions. Faster exchange rates result in broad 29Si N M R peaks which are indistinguishable from the background noise. Finally, Ga prefers to incorporate into silicate anions where the SiO-Ga-OSi bond angle is rather acute, Le., in S3R(lGa) and D3R(lGa) anions, due to the larger size of Ga atoms compared to A1 or Si atoms. On the other hand, A1 incorporates into a wide variety of silicate anions. The overall size of the anion might limit the stabilization of gallosilicate anions larger than the D3R( 1Ga) or D4R anions due to the effect of cation crowding.48 This explains why D4R( 1Ga) and doubly Ga substituted anions are not observed. The smaller size of A1 allows for stabilization of significant concentrations of D4R( 1Al) anions and aluminosilicate anions exhibiting Q3(2Al), Q2(2A1), and QjA(2A1) connectivities. ConclusionsThe present investigation demonstrates the usefulness of 29Si and 71Ga N M R spectroscopies for studying tetralkylammonium gallosilicate solutions. Gallosilicate anions with Si atoms of QzA(lGa), Qz( lGa), and Q3A(lGa) connectivities are observed in TPA gallosilicate solutions. Specific 29Si N M R resonances assigned to Si atoms in S3R( lGa), b S 3 R ( lGa), and D3R( 1Ga) anions were identified. S3R( 1Ga) anions are especially stable and become the dominant species as the solution temperature is raised to near synthesis conditions. Ga atoms undergo a fast chemical exchange with the dimer and linear trimer silicate anions, causing the 29Si peaks for Si atoms in dimer(1Ga) and linear trimer(1Ga) anions to broaden into the background noise. 'IGa N M R experiments provide evidence for the chemical exchange of Ga atoms between gallate anions and gallosilicate anions, but 71Ga N M R spectra cannot generally be resolved to give peaks for Ga atoms associated with specific siloxane bond connectivities. Only at silicate ratios of greater than 2 can 71Ga spectra be resolved into two peaks, one for gallate anions and one for Ga atoms in gallosilicate oligomers. A simple set of chemical equilibria explains the changes in the distribution of solution species with changes in the Si02, Ga, and TPA20 concentrations. Gallate anions appe...

Vibrational transitions of pyrazine in the lowest triplet state have been observed as transient changes in the intensity of the phosphorescence induced by the free-electron laser FELIX. All seven fundamental infrared-active modes in the range of 250 to 1600 cm−1 have been detected and all vibrational frequencies are found to be considerably lower than the corresponding ones in the ground state.

Super-resolution reconstruction (SRR) is a post-acquisition method for producing a high-resolution (HR) image from a set of lowresolution (LR) images. However, for large volumes of data, this technique is computationally very demanding and time consuming. In this study we focus on the specific case of whole-body mouse data and present a novel, integrated, end-to-end approach to overcome this problem. We combine articulated atlas-based segmentation and planar reformation techniques with state-of-the-art in SRR to produce high resolution, interactively selected, localized isotropic volumes-of-interest in whole-body mouse MRI. With this method we overcome time and memory related limitations when applying the SRR algorithm to the entire dataset, enabling interactive visualization and exploration of anatomical structures of interest in whole-body MRI mouse data on a normal desktop PC.