This survey reveals a high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms, attributed to ESS and body posture during surgery, among the British rhinologists who responded to the survey. ESS is evidently physically demanding on the surgeon with potential personal health hazards. This emphasizes the need to increase awareness among surgeons, familiarize ourselves with good operating posture habits and new ergonomic instruments and to create a drive to change operating theatre culture in an attempt to reduce these health risks.

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FIGURE 2.1. Components of the 4-in. and 12-in. Vibratory-Hammer Coring Devices _[ JF BALDWIN 2.2 2.1.2 Reference and ControlSedimerltSam01es Sgdiment samples from one reference site In San Francisco Bay and one reference site offshore were collected with a pipe dredge deployed from the FV Cobra, a charter boat owned and operated by Bob Smith Sportfishing. The pipe dredge is a 12-1n.-dlametercylinder, approximately 5 ft long, that is open on one end and closed on the other so that it can retrieve up to 25 gal of sediment, Sampling locations were determined by a global positioning system (GPS) aboard the vessel. LORAN C and variable fix and range radar navigation systemswere available for backup. The vessel navigationsystemswere verifiedat knownfixedlocations,suchas the Golden Gate channelpilotbuoy,whenever possible. Referencesamplingrecordswere maintainedin a logbook, and consistedof stationposition,date, time, replicate,water depth, sedimenttype, and comments. Allreferencesampleswere keptcool In labeled coolerson boardthe samplingvessel untiltheywere storedat 4°C:_?.°C In a refrigeratedvan. The controlsedimentsamplingsiteswere SequimBay, Washington; West Beach, Whldbey Island,Washington;and DillonBeach/'romalesBay, California. Experimental control sedimentfrom Sequim Bay, Washington,was collectedwith a modifiedVan Veen grab sampler (0.1 m2)deployedfrom an MSL researchvessel. Controlsedimentfrom West Beach(R. abronius native control)and DillonBeach(N. caeco/des nativecontrol)was collectedat the same timeand locationas test organismswere collected. West Beach sedimentwas collected witha small, MSL-designed,anchor-dredgesamplerthat alsoobtained sufficientquantitiesof the organismsfortest purposes. The dredge was deployed from MSL's 17-ft BostonWhaler in approximately 15 ft of water. The West Beach sampling locationwas determined by reference to known shoreline features. Dillon Beach control sediment was collected by Brezina and Associates, using a shovel, at the same time N. caecoides were collected. The Dillon Beach sediment was shipped overnight to MSL, where it was stored at 4°C:t:2°C. 2.2 SEDIMENT SAMPLEpREPARATION Sediment sample preparation Involved all steps in the laboratory between delivery of the samples to MSL and the preparation of samples for chemical and/or biological testing. Sample preparation was completed within the 14-day holdlng limit between the sampling date and toxicity test initiation. The following sections describe equipment preparation, geologic descriptions of core samples, homogenizing solid-phase samples, and SPP sample preparation. JF BALDWIN 2.4 2.2.1 Laboratory_ Glassware and EauiDmentPreDaratlon All glassware, stainless steel or titanium utensils, Nalgene, Teflon, and other laboratory containers and equipment underwent stringent cleaning procedures to avoid contamination of samples. Glassware (Including test containers, aquaria, and sediment transfer dishes) was washed with warm, soapy water, rinsed five times with deionized water, then soaked In a 5% reagent grade nitric acid bath ...

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