A study was made in 2 consecutive years of the emotional states and morning and afternoon serum levels of prolactin, cortisol and testosterone of male medical students during a 4- to 5-week period preceding a major university examination. 'Distress', 'anxiety' and, to a lesser degree, 'depression' increased during the 2 weeks immediately preceding the examination and were positively correlated with personality anxiety or neuroticism traits. Group means for hormones showed no consistent change over the same period. Neither was there evidence for a correlation between endocrine and emotional changes within individual students during the pre-examination period. A restricted study showed that there were significant increments in cortisol in samples taken during the examination itself. Changes in emotional state before an examination occurred in the absence of equally dramatic changes in levels of the three hormones studied, though this relationship may have altered during the examination itself. This suggests that the factors controlling the two categories of response may relate differently, in some way, to the imminence of this stressful event.
Elective repair of groin hernia is a simple and safe surgical procedure at any age, and is a well known example of the preventative value of early surgery'. Conversely, the overall risks of emergency surgery in the elderly, measured by morbidity and mortality, may increase two-or threefold'. Nevertheless, many elderly patients are still admitted to our hospital with symptomatic groin hernias. We have tried to establish the exact risk to the patients and the reasons why elective surgery is not preventing their emergency admissions.
Patients, methods and resultsDuring 1984, 95 patients over the age of 65 years were admitted for inguinal hernia operations, 46 (48.4 per cent) as emergencies and 49 electively. The emergency group was significantly older, median age 76 years (range 65-88) compared with 70 years (range 65-88) for the elective group h2 with Yates's correction factor P
SUMMARYGenetic polymorphism for factors capable of inducing female sterility have been discovered in twowild populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The polymorphisms exist both on the 2nd and 3rd (and possibility the X) chromosomes, and were detected by backcrossing chromosomes from the population into a multiply marked tester stock. The effect is only apparent in certain cytoplasms.
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