Despite increasing numbers of adolescents experiencing poor mental wellbeing, adolescents are often reluctant to seek help for mental health problems. In response, there is increasing interest in the development of evidence-based interventions to increase help-seeking behavior. However, the evidence base may lack validity if help-seeking measures used in adolescent research contain age-inappropriate language or content such as seeking help from a spouse; no previous review has assessed this. A review of adolescent mental health help-seeking research was conducted to identify help-seeking measures used, assess their psychometric properties and linguistic appropriateness in adolescent populations, and organize measures by facet of help-seeking for ease of future use. We found 14 help-seeking measures used in adolescent research, but only 17/72 (24%) studies found used one of the identified measures. Help-seeking measures identified were categorized into one of four help-seeking facets: attitudes toward help-seeking, intentions to seek help, treatment fears regarding help-seeking, and barriers to help-seeking. The content and language of measures were deemed appropriate for all but one help-seeking measure. Recommendations for future research include greater utilization of identified measures, particularly in researching help-seeking behavior in different cultures, subcultures and between stages of adolescence.
No abstract
Considerable evidence has accumulated that alterations in the direct current fields of the brain can produce alterations in function (O'Leary and Goldring, 1964). In view of this a group of investigators instituted a clinical trial of the possible usefulness of transcranial polarization (Lippold and Redfearn, 1964; Redfearn et al., 1964; Costain et al., 1964). In the approach used a current was passed between electrodes attached just superior to the eyebrows and an electrode on the leg. The principal changes reported consisted of an elevation of mood and an increase in involvement with the environment when the head was positive relatively to the leg and a withdrawal and quietness when the head was negative relatively to the leg. The current level reported as effective was generally of the order of 250 microamperes. Among Lippold and Redfearn's subjects were seven schizophrenics, in six of whom brief D.C. polarization produced the expected effects. Among the subjects of Redfearn et al. were four schizophrenics, in all of whom some favourable effect from D.C. head positive polarization was reported. This study was uncontrolled. In a blind controlled trial, Costain et al. found head-positive polarization to be of therapeutic efficacy in a group of 24 depressed patients. Their interpretation of results was challenged by Dawson and Montagu (1965). In view of these reports, we decided that a pilot study of the possible efficacy of transcranial polarization in altering the non-responsive state of chronic schizophrenic patients was warranted. It was decided that a more longitudinal study would be of greater value in determining possible therapeutic usefulness than a shorter trial on a larger number of patients. The experiment was conducted on one of the research wards of Rockland State Hospital.
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