Myoelectric signals (MES) have been used in various applications, in particular, for identification of user intention to potentially control assistive devices for amputees, orthotic devices, and exoskeleton in order to augment capability of the user. MES are also used to estimate force and, hence, torque to actuate the assistive device. The application of MES is not limited to assistive devices, and they also find potential applications in teleoperation of robots, haptic devices, virtual reality, and so on. The myoelectric control-based prosthetic hand aids to restore activities of daily living of amputees in order to improve the self-esteem of the user. All myoelectric control-based prosthetic hands may not have similar operations and exhibit variation in sensing input, deciphering the signals, and actuating prosthetic hand. Researchers are focusing on improving the functionality of prosthetic hand in order to suit the user requirement with the different operating features. The myoelectric control differs in operation to accommodate various external factors. This article reviews the state of the art of myoelectric prosthetic hand, giving description of each control strategy.

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This paper focuses on identification of an effective pattern recognition scheme with the least number of time domain features for dexterous control of prosthetic hand to recognize the various finger movements from surface electromyogram (EMG) signals. Eight channels EMG from 8 able-bodied subjects for 15 individuals and combined finger activities have been considered in this work. In this work, an attempt has been made to recognize a number of classes with the least number of features. Therefore, EMG signals are pre-processed using dual tree complex wavelet transform to improve the discriminating capability of features and time domain features such as zero crossing, slope sign change, mean absolute value, and waveform length is extracted from the pre-processed data. The performance of extracted features is studied with different classifiers such as linear discriminant analysis, naive Bayes classifier, quadratic support vector machine and cubic support vector machine with and without feature selection algorithms. The feature selection has been studied using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and ant colony optimization (ACO) with different number of features to identify the effect of features. The results demonstrated that naive Bayes classifier with ant colony optimization shows an average classification accuracy of 88.89% with a response time of 0.058025 ms for recognizing the 15 different finger movements with 16 features with significant difference in accuracy compared to SVM classifier with feature selection for a significance level of 0.05. There is no significant difference in the accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of an SVM classifier with and without feature selection. But the processing time is significantly more than the LDA and NB classifier. The PSO and ACO results revealed that slope sign changes contribute to recognizing the activity. In PSO, mean absolute value has been found to be effective compared to waveform length, contradictory with ACO. Further, the zero crossings have been found to be not effective in classification of finger movements in both the methods.

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Over several years, research had been conducted for the detection of epileptic seizures to support an automatic diagnosis system to comfort the clinicians’ encumbrance. In this regard, a number of research papers have been published for the identification of epileptic seizures. A thorough review of all these papers is required. So, an attempt has been made to review on the pattern detection methods for epilepsy seizure detection from EEG signals. More than 150 research papers have been discussed to determine the techniques for detecting epileptic seizures. Further, the literature review confirms that the pattern recognition techniques required to detect epileptic seizures varies across the electroencephalogram (EEG) datasets of different conditions. This is mostly owing to the fact that EEG detected under different conditions have different characteristics. This consecutively necessitates the identification of the pattern recognition technique to efficiently differentiate EEG epileptic data from the EEG data of various conditions.