Kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of tartrazine (TZ+) by nitrite ion (NO2-) was conducted in aqueous acidic phase under pseudo-first order condition in excess of [NO2-] at T = 28 ± 1°C, [H+] = 1 × 10-4 mol/dm3, λmax = 560 nm and ionic strength I = 1.0 mol/dm3 (NaCl). The stoichiometry of the reaction displayed 1:2 mole ratio for tartrazine and nitrite ion. The redox reaction was first order with respect to [TZ+] and first order with respect to [NO2-]. A second order rate constant was observed for the reaction. The rate also shows first order dependence on acid ion concentration. The overall reaction conforms to the rate law: [TZ+] = a[H+][TZ+][NO2-] Where a = 6.7343 dm6 mol-2 s-1. The rate of reaction increased with increase in ionic strength. There was no positive polymerization in the reaction. The investigation of spectroscopic and Michaelis- Mentens plot studies did not indicate any complex formation. A plausible mechanism in support of an outer-sphere mechanism is proposed for the reaction.

Kinetics and oxidation of the reactions between dithionite ion and nitrocellulose was studied in acidic phase under the condition of excess [S2O42-] at T = 29 ± 1oC, [H+] = 1.0 × 10-2 mol dm-3, I = 1.0 mol dm-3 (Na2SO4) and λmax = 360 nanometer. The oxidation-reduction reasult for NC+ with dithionite ion displayed a 1:2 mole ratio. The reaction showed first order in terms of the oxidant [NC+] as well as first order in terms of the reductant [S2O42-]. The rate of reaction indicated a first order relationship in terms of acid ion concentration. The reaction rate law is given as: k2 = a + b [H+] where a = Intercept, b = Slope. The rate of reaction increased with an increase in the moles of sulphuric acid added. This implies great stability of NC+ in an aqueous acidic medium. The rate decreased with an increase in sodium sulphate concentration. The spectroscopic investigation gave no signal for the formation of an intermediate complex. Based on the results obtained for the non-formation of intermediate complex, a plausible mechanism that favoured the outer-sphere mechanism was proposed for the studied reaction.

The present study determined the physicochemical parameters, saturation and unsaturation of twenty-four branded and unbranded vegetable oils sold in Sabo Market, Kaduna State by Fourier Transformed Infrared Analysis (FTIR) analysis. The branded vegetable oils were (U1 - U13), U14- U17 = unbranded vegetable oils; U18- U19 = branded palm oils; U20- U24 = unbranded palm oils. Percentage moisture content, colour, odour and rancidity were the physicochemical parameters analysed. The percentage moisture content was found to be within the ranges of 0.00 – 0. 33%. Higher moisture content was observed in samples U13 and U24. The colours and odour are in line with the standard of SON except for sample U22 which had an objectionable odour. There were records of rancidity in four (4) vegetable oils U1, U5, U16 and U17 and two (2) palm oils, U20 and U22 analyzed. The FTIR analysis indicated that there is unsaturated C-H stretching vibration peak of carbon chain at 3006 and 3648 cm-1 for the unheated samples. In comparison, peaks attributable to the presence of an aromatic group was not identified in samples U5 and U15 but was identified in H5 and H15 respectively. There was an increase in the peaks of sample U5 from 3008 and 2925 cm-1 to 3853 and 3646 cm-1 in sample H5.   Heating of edible oils at smoke point changes the composition of the oil slightly by the formation of new additional compounds.

The rate and overall observed chemical change of the redox reaction between 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and thiocyanate ion (SCN–) was investigated under a constant concentration of ionic strength, [????!] and λmax = 360 nm using a spectrophotometric titration method. The research aim is to study stoichiometry, order of reaction, the influence of acid, and the effect of change in ionic concentration on the reaction speed. The stoichiometry discovered gave a 1:2 molar proportion of TNP against SCN–. The reaction is 1st - order in relation to TNP and 1st – order in relation to SCN– hence, a 2nd -order overall for the system. An acid-dependence rate constant on TNP was positive for the TNP – SCN– system. A positive salt effect was observed in the system. An increase in the concentration of added cations and anions (Mn2+, NO3− and PO43−) had no influence on the speed of the reaction. The spectroscopic and kinetic results did not show any intermediate complex emergence all through the reaction. On grounds of the experimental results attained, a presumptive mechanism in favor of an outer-sphere mechanism has been recommended.