Influence of addition of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride to an experimental adhesiveAbstract: The aim of this study was to develop an experimental adhesive with addition of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (METAC) and to evaluate its mechanical and biological properties and its in vitro antibacterial activity. An experimental adhesive resin was formulated with Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and HEMA. The antibacterial monomer was added at concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, and 5% (METAC groups). A group without METAC addition was used as control. The experimental adhesives were evaluated as to their antibacterial potential against Streptococcus mutans, degree of conversion, and softening in ethanol for 2 hours. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post-hoc test, and the paired Student's t-test (significance level of 0.05). METAC showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans at all concentrations (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference across METAC groups (p > 0.05). The 1%, 2.5%, and 5% groups yielded the highest mean values for degree of conversion (p < 0.05). The 1% group did not differ from the control group (p > 0.05). There was no statistical difference in baseline microhardness values (p > 0.05) and microhardness values after immersion in ethanol were lower than at baseline for all groups (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the reduction of Knoop hardness number (KHN) after immersion in ethanol for any of the groups (p > 0.05). The results of the present study indicate that METAC is a promising antibacterial agent when added to an adhesive system.
SfliO, capacitor material with indiffused BiZ03 was studied using SEM, ESCA combined with Ar+ ion-etching, and TEM equipped with EDX. The apparent thickness of a second-phase layer observed with SEM was found to be influenced by in-depth effects. ESCA and TEM results show that only a 10-to 100-nm thick layer of second phase is present between the S f f i 0 3 grains. In addition, it was found with TEM that the outer part of each grain contained Bi (at most 2 at.%), representing a diffusion layer. These results have implications for the boundary-layer model proposed to explain the dielectric proper ties.
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