This paper estimates a neoclassical growth model that includes female and male education as separate explanatory variables. The model can be reparameterised so that the gender gap in education enters the model. The interpretation of its coefficient depends crucially on what other education variables appear in the equation. The average longrun effects of female and male education on output per worker are estimated for a cross section of countries using long time averages of the data. The results support the World Bank's emphasis on the importance of female education in raising labour productivity and are robust to various sensitivity analyses.

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Herfindahl-Hirschman index, Competitive balance, Major League Baseball, D63, L83,

Appropriate measurement of competitive balance is central to the economic analysis of professional sports leagues. We examine the distributional properties of the ratio of standard deviations (RSD) of points percentages, the most widely used measure of competitive balance in the sports economics literature, in comparison with other standard-deviation-based measures. Simulation methods are used to evaluate the effects of changes in season length on the distributions of competitive balance measures for different distributions of the strengths of teams in a league. The popular RSD measure performs as expected only in cases of perfect balance; if there is imbalance in team strengths, its distribution is sensitive to changes in season length. It is therefore not recommended for comparisons of competitive balance for different sports leagues with different numbers of teams and/or games played. (JEL L83, D63, C63) * We are grateful to the co-editor, Jeff Borland, and an anonymous referee for their very helpful and constructive suggestions.