The connection between some features of the metallicity gradient in the Galactic disc, best revealed by Open Clusters and Cepheids, and the spiral structure, has been explored. The step-like abrupt decrease in metallicity at 8.5 kpc (with R0= 7.5 kpc, or at 9.5 kpc if R0= 8.5 kpc is adopted) is well explained by the corotation ring-shaped gap in the density of gas, which isolates the internal and external regions of the disc one from the other. This solves the long-standing problem of a lack of understanding of the different chemical characteristics of the inner and outer parts of the disc. The time required to build up the metallicity difference between the two sides of the step is a measure of the minimal lifetime of the present grand-design spiral pattern structure, of the order of 3 Gyr. The plateaux observed on both sides of the step are interpreted in terms of the large-scale radial motion of the stars and of the gas flow induced by the spiral structure. The star formation rate revealed by the density of open clusters is maximum in the Galactic radial range from 6 to 12 kpc (with an exception of a narrow gap at corotation), coinciding with the region where the four-arms mode is allowed to exist. We argue that most of the old open clusters situated at large Galactocentric radii were born in this inner region where conditions more favourable for star formation are found. The ratio of α-elements to Fe of the sample of Cepheids does not vary appreciably with the Galactic radius, which reveals a homogeneous history of star formation. Different arguments are forwarded to show that the usual approximations of chemical evolution models, which assume fast mixing of metallicity in the azimuthal direction and ignore the existence of the spiral arms, are poor ones

We report the discovery of 16 detached M dwarf eclipsing binaries with J < 16 mag and provide a detailed characterization of three of them, using high-precision infrared light curves from the WFCAM Transit Survey (WTS). Such systems provide the most accurate and modelindependent method for measuring the fundamental parameters of these poorly understood yet numerous stars, which currently lack sufficient observations to precisely calibrate stellar evolution models. We fully solve for the masses and radii of three of the systems, finding orbital periods in the range 1.5 < P < 4.9 d, with masses spanning 0.35-0.50 M and radii between 0.38 and 0.50 R , with uncertainties of ∼3.5-6.4 per cent in mass and ∼2.7-5.5 per cent in radius. Close companions in short-period binaries are expected to be tidally locked into fast rotational velocities, resulting in high levels of magnetic activity. This is predicted to inflate their radii by inhibiting convective flow and increasing starspot coverage. The radii of the WTS systems are inflated above model predictions by ∼3-12 per cent, in agreement with the observed trend, despite an expected lower systematic contribution from starspot signals at infrared wavelengths. We searched for correlation between the orbital period and radius inflation by combining our results with all existing M dwarf radius measurements of comparable precision, but we found no statistically significant evidence for a decrease in radius inflation for longer period, less active systems. Radius inflation continues to exists in non-synchronized systems, indicating that the problem remains even for very low activity M dwarfs. Resolving this issue is vital not only for understanding the most populous stars in the Universe, but also for characterizing their planetary companions, which hold the best prospects for finding Earth-like planets in the traditional habitable zone.

We report on the discovery of four ultra‐short‐period (P ≤ 0.18 d) eclipsing M‐dwarf binaries in the Wide‐Field Camera (WFCAM) Transit Survey. Their orbital periods are significantly shorter than that of any other known main‐sequence binary system, and are all significantly below the sharp period cut‐off at P ∼ 0.22  d as seen in binaries of earlier‐type stars. The shortest‐period binary consists of two M4‐type stars in a P = 0.112  d orbit. The binaries are discovered as part of an extensive search for short‐period eclipsing systems in over 260 000 stellar light curves, including over 10 000 M‐dwarfs down to J = 18 mag, yielding 25 binaries with P ≤ 0.23 d. In a popular paradigm, the evolution of short‐period binaries of cool main‐sequence stars is driven by the loss of angular momentum through magnetized winds. In this scheme, the observed P ∼ 0.22 d period cut‐off is explained as being due to time‐scales that are too long for lower‐mass binaries to decay into tighter orbits. Our discovery of low‐mass binaries with significantly shorter orbits implies that either these time‐scales have been overestimated for M‐dwarfs, e.g. due to a higher effective magnetic activity, or the mechanism for forming these tight M‐dwarf binaries is different from that of earlier‐type main‐sequence stars.

Context. The Gaia catalogue will contain observations and physical parameters of a vast number of objects, including ultra-cool dwarf stars, which we define here as stars with a temperature below 2500 K. Aims. We aimed to assess the accuracy of the Gaia T eff and log (g) estimates as derived with current models and observations. Methods. We assessed the validity of several inference techniques for deriving the physical parameters of ultra-cool dwarf stars: Gaussian processes, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbours, kernel partial least squares and Bayesian estimation. In addition, we tested the potential benefits of data compression for improving robustness and speed. We used synthetic spectra derived from ultracool dwarf models to construct (train) the regression models. We derived the intrinsic uncertainties of the best inference models and assessed their validity by comparing the estimated parameters with the values derived in the bibliography for a sample of ultra-cool dwarf stars observed from the ground. Results. We estimated the total number of ultra-cool dwarfs per spectral subtype, and obtained values that can be summarised (in orders of magnitude) as 400 000 objects in the M5−L0 range, 600 objects between L0 and L5, 30 objects between L5 and T0, and 10 objects between T0 and T8. A bright ultra-cool dwarf (with T eff = 2500 K and log (g) = 3.5) will be detected by Gaia out to approximately 220 pc, while for T eff = 1500 K (spectral type L5) and the same surface gravity, this maximum distance reduces to 10−20 pc. We found the cross-validation RMSE prediction error to be 10 K for regression models based on the k-nearest neighbours and 62 K for Gaussian process models in the faintest limit (Gaia magnitude G = 20). However, these values correspond to the evaluation of the regression models with independent test sets of synthetic spectra of the same model families as used in the training phase (internal errors). For the k-nearest neighbours model, this seems an overly optimistic error estimate due to the use of a dense grid of examples in the training set, together with a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio for the end-of-mission data. The RMSE of the prediction deduced from ground-based spectra of ultra-cool dwarfs simulated at the Gaia spectral range and resolution, and for a Gaia magnitude G = 20 is 213 K and 266 K for the models based on k-nearest neighbours and Gaussian process regression, respectively. These are total errors in the sense that they include the internal and external errors, with the latter caused by the inability of the synthetic spectral models (used for the construction of the regression models) to exactly reproduce the observed spectra, and by the large uncertainties in the current calibrations of spectral types and effective temperatures. We found maximum-likelihood methods (minimum χ 2 , k-nearest neighbours, and Bayesian estimation with flat priors) to be biased in the L0-T0 range in that they systematically assign a temperature around 1700 K. Finally, the likeliho...

We report the discovery of WTS-2 b, an unusually close-in 1.02-day hot Jupiter (M P = 1.12M J , R P = 1.363R J ) orbiting a K2V star, which has a possible gravitationally-bound M-dwarf companion at 0.6 arcsec separation contributing ∼ 20 percent of the total flux in the observed J-band light curve. The planet is only 1.5 times the separation from its host star at which it would be destroyed by Roche lobe overflow, and has a predicted remaining lifetime of just ∼ 40 Myr, assuming a tidal dissipation quality factor of Q ′ ⋆ = 10 6 . Q ′ ⋆ is a key factor in determining how frictional processes within a host star affect the orbital evolution of its companion giant planets, but it is currently poorly constrained by observations. We calculate that the orbital decay of WTS-2 b would correspond to a shift in its transit arrival time of T shift ∼ 17 seconds after 15 years assuming Q ′ ⋆ = 10 6 . A shift less than this would place a direct observational constraint on the lower limit of Q ′ ⋆ in this system. We also report a correction to the previously published expected T shift for WASP-18 b, finding that T shift = 356 seconds after 10 years for Q ′ ⋆ = 10 6 , which is much larger than the estimated 28 seconds quoted in WASP-18 b discovery paper. We attempted to constrain Q ′ ⋆ via a study of the entire population of known transiting hot Jupiters, but our results were inconclusive, requiring a more detailed treatment of transit survey sensitivities at long periods. We conclude that the most informative and straight-forward constraints on Q ′ ⋆ will be obtained by direct observational measurements of the shift in transit arrival times in individual hot Jupiter systems. We show that this is achievable across the mass spectrum of exoplanet host stars within a decade, and will directly probe the effects of stellar interior structure on tidal dissipation.

Due to the recent increase in the availability of photometric time-series databases, the characterisation of low-mass eclipsing binaries for the study of their orbital and physical parameters is now possible in large samples and with good precision. We have identified and photometrically characterised a sample of 230 detached close-orbiting eclipsing binaries with low-mass main-sequence components in the Catalina Sky Survey. These low-mass stars have masses of M ≤ 1.0 M and orbital periods shorter than 2 days. The adopted method provided a robust estimate of stellar parameters (as mass and fractional radius) by using only light curves and photometric colours, since no spectroscopic information was available for these objects. A SDSS-2MASS ten-colour grid of composite synthetic and observed colours and the K-Nearest Neighbours method were employed to identify main-sequence stars and to estimate their effective temperatures, typically of T eff ≤ 5720 K. Each light curve was modelled with the JKTEBOP code together with an asexual genetic algorithm to obtain the most coherent values for the fitted parameters. The present work provides an unprecedented number of homogeneous estimates of main stellar parameters in short-period low-mass binary systems. The distribution of the components of the investigated detached eclipsing binaries in the mass-radius diagram supports a trend of radius inflation on low-mass main-sequence stars. A relative increase of inflation for lower masses is also found and our results suggest that the secondaries are more inflated, i.e. they present larger radii than the primary components of same mass, when compared to stellar evolutionary models. 2 H. E. Garrido et al. therein). For instance, Southworth (2015) maintain an on-line catalogue of detached EB systems with mass and radius derived with high accuracy (of ∼2%), with around 40 systems where the most massive component (primary) has a mass of M ≤ 1 M . If only close systems are considered, with orbital period of less than 2 days, this number is smaller, less 20 short-period DEBs are well characterised. Eker et al. (2014) also have published a catalogue of detached double-lined EBs, but gathering from the literature systems with physical parameters determined with larger uncertainties. Among them, over 60 DEBs have primaries with mass of M ≤ 1 M , but only 35 of them have periods shorter than 2 days.Given the availability of extensive photometric time-series databases, the characterisation of low-mass eclipsing binary systems (LMEBs) has become possible in large samples, where trends can be seen despite the large individual uncertainties. Deriving masses and radii in statistically significant samples may allow the investigation of the correlation between radius inflation and other basic stellar parameters.Knowing that the number of known detached short-period systems in the literature is limited, this work is then dedicated to identify and photometrically characterise short-period detached eclipsing binaries, with low-mass main-sequence star...

The WFCAM Transit Survey (WTS) is a near-infrared transit survey running on the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT), designed to discover planets around M dwarfs. The WTS acts as a poor-seeing backup programme for the telescope, and represents the first dedicated wide-field near-infrared transit survey. Observations began in 2007 gathering J-band photometric observations in four (seasonal) fields. In this paper we present an analysis of the first of the WTS fields, covering an area of 1.6 square degrees. We describe the observing strategy of the WTS and the processing of the data to generate lightcurves. We describe the basic properties of our photometric data, and measure our sensitivity based on 950 observations. We show that the photometry reaches a precision of ∼ 4 mmag for the brightest unsaturated stars in lightcurves spanning almost 3 years. Optical (SDSS griz) and near-infrared (UKIRT ZY JHK) photometry is used to classify the target sample of 4600 M dwarfs with J magnitudes in the range 11-17. Most have spectral-types in the range M0-M2. We conduct Monte Carlo transit injection and detection simulations for short period (<10 day) Jupiterand Neptune-sized planets to characterize the sensitivity of the survey. We investigate the recovery rate as a function of period and magnitude for 4 hypothetical star-planet cases: M0-2+Jupiter, M2-4+Jupiter, M0-2+Neptune, M2-4+Neptune. We find that the WTS lightcurves are very sensitive to the presence of Jupiter-sized short-period transiting planets around M dwarfs. Hot Neptunes produce a much weaker signal and suffer a correspondingly smaller recovery fraction. Neptunes can only be reliably recovered with the correct period around the rather small sample (∼ 100) of the latest M dwarfs (M4-M9) in the WTS. The non-detection of a hot-Jupiter around an M dwarf by the WFCAM Transit Survey allows us to place an upper limit of 1.7-2.0 per cent (at 95 per cent confidence) on the planet occurrence rate.

Context. WASP-10b, a non-inflated hot Jupiter, was discovered around a K-dwarf in a near circular orbit (∼0.06). Since its discovery in 2009, different published parameters for this system have led to a discussion about the size, density, and eccentricity of this exoplanet. Aims. In order to test the hypothesis of a circular orbit for WASP-10b, we observed its secondary eclipse in the Ks-band, where the contribution of planetary light is high enough to be detected from the ground. Methods. Observations were performed with the OMEGA2000 instrument at the 3.5 m telescope at Calar Alto (Almería, Spain), in staring mode during 5.4 continuous hours, with the telescope defocused, monitoring the target during the expected secondary eclipse. A relative light curve was generated and corrected from systematic effects, using the principal component analysis (PCA) technique. The final light curve was fitted using a transit model to find the eclipse depth and a possible phase shift. −0.0004 . The eclipse phase offset derived from our modeling has systematic errors that were not taken into account and should not be considered as evidence of an eccentric orbit. The offset in phase obtained leads to a value for |e cos ω| of 0.0044. The derived eccentricity is too small to be of any significance.