SUMMARY1. The EMG sequence activated before the initiation of a number of fast forwardoriented voluntary movements was analysed quantitatively in normal subjects.2. The sequence consisted of an initial inhibitory component directed to the soleus motor nucleus, followed by a second excitatory one directed to the tibialis anterior (TA).3. The spectrum of functional utilization included motor tasks in which the prime movers are leg and thigh muscles (initiation of gait, rising on tip-toes), thigh and trunk muscles (fast-forward bending of the trunk, standing up) and upper-limb muscles (forward throw or catch).4. In a same motor task and across the different motor tasks, performed at various speeds, the latency of soleus inhibition and TA activation with respect to the onset of movement co-varied according to a linear function, indicating a close temporal correlation between the two components.5. In all the movements investigated, the earliest mechanical effect was a backward displacement of the centre of foot pressure in the sagittal plane.6. Soleus inhibition alone and TA burst alone were each able to produce a backward displacement of the centre of foot pressure, but the effect was significantly slower after soleus inhibition.7. The spatio-temporal parameters of the sequence were modulated according to the pre-existing postural conditions. For the gait initiation protocol, increasing initial forward leaning led to a decrease in the amplitude of soleus inhibition and the TA burst, and to a change in their relative time delays. Modulation was different on the two sides. We could define a postural boundary as the degree of forward leaning beyond which the full sequence is no longer called into action.8. The spatio-temporal parameters of the sequence were pre-set according to the requirements of the forthcoming movement. In the gait initiation protocol, the amplitude and synchronization of the TA burst were directly correlated with velocity of movement, while the relative delay between soleus inhibition and TA activation was inversely correlated. Modulation on the two sides differed. We could define a velocity boundary as the velocity of movement below which the full sequence is no longer called into action.9. We suggest that the EMG sequence described can be considered a motor MS 8303 P. CRENNA AND C. FRIGO programme that, through direct action on the position of the centre of foot pressure (the variable primarily controlled), will precisely adjust the configuration of forces external to the body, allowing the contraction of the prime mover(s) to interact appropriately with them for the production of a specific, forward-oriented movement.

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The cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been widely investigated with particular reference to abnormalities of steady-state walking. The great majority of studies, however are related to severe forms of PD patients (phases > = 3 of Hoehn and Yahr scale), where locomotor abnormalities are clearly manifested. Goal of the present study was to quantitatively describe locomotor symptoms in subjects with mild PD. Accordingly, a multitask protocol involving instrumental analysis of steady-state linear walking, initiation of gait, and turning while walking was applied to a group of patients with idiopathic PD in their early clinical stage (phases 1 and 2 of Hoehn and Yahr scale), as well as in age-matched elderly controls. Kinematic, kinetic, and myoelectric measures were obtained by optoelectronic motion analysis, force platform, and telemetric electromyography. Results in PD patients showed a tendency to bradykinetic gait, with reduction of walking speed and cadence. Impairments of gait initiation consisted in reduction of the backward shift of the center of pressure (CoP) and prolongation of the stepping phase. Alterations of the turning task were more consistent and included delayed reorientation of the head toward the new direction, altered head-upper trunk rotational strategy, and adoption of a greater number of steps to complete the turning. It is concluded that patients in the early stage of PD reveal mild alterations of steady-state linear walking and more significant anomalies in the transitional conditions, especially during changes in the travel direction. Quantitative analysis of nonstationary locomotor tasks might be a potentially useful starting point for further studies on the pathophysiology of PD.

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Upper trunk and head forward and backward movements were analyzed in human subjects standing on a force platform. EMG of several flexor and extensor muscles was recorded together with the kinematics of the movement (EL.I.TE. system). It was found that upper trunk movements are accompanied by movements of hip and knees in the opposite direction, resulting in a slight displacement of the center of gravity projection on the ground. In fast movements, all the body segments were displaced at the same time, which suggests a feedforward control, whereas in slow movements, onset of displacement of the body segments was found to take place sequentially in a cranio-caudal direction. EMG analysis during fast movements revealed two different types of control, utilized in forward and backward movements. With forward bending movements the action of two sets of muscles could be recognized: the prime mover (R. Abd.), the activation of which was not correlated with that of the other muscles and preceded the onset of movement with a fairly constant lead, and a group of postural muscles, the activation (VM, TA) and inhibition (Sol) of which were closely correlated. By contrast, with backward movements, the prime mover (Er.S.) and the postural leg muscles (Hamstrings, Sol) were activated simultaneously. In both cases, a feedforward type of control is evident. Performance of the fast forward movements was accompanied by an initial forward displacement of the knee. The function of this phenomenon is discussed in term of a destabilizing action favouring the forward bending of the body or a prestretching of the knee extensor muscles increasing the strength of their subsequent contraction.

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