AIM:The objectives were to study the morphology of the foramen magnum in dry skulls and to evaluate its antero-posterior diameter, transverse diameter and the foramen magnum index. MATeRIAL and MeTHods:The foramen magna of 53 dry human cadaver skulls that were obtained from the neuroanatomy laboratory were examined. Different shapes of the foramen magnum were macroscopically noted and classified. The antero-posterior and transverse diameters were measured and the average foraminal index was calculated. ResULTs:The foramen magnum shapes were determined as a round shape in 22.6% of cases, egg shape in 18.9%, tetragonal in 18.9%, oval in 15.1%, irregular in 15.1%, hexagonal in 5.6% and pentagonal in 3.8% of the cases. In 20.7% of skulls, the occipital condyle was observed to protrude into the foramen. The mean antero-posterior and transverse diameter of the foramen magnum was determined as 31 ± 2.4 mm and 25.2 ± 2.4 mm respectively. The average foramen magnum index was 1.2 ± 0.1. CoNCLUsIoN:The present study has determined the various shapes of foramen magnum and its morphometry. The data obtained may be of useful to the neurosurgeon in analyzing the morphological anatomy of craniovertebral junction. The findings are also enlightening for the anthropologists, morphologists and clinical anatomists. BULGULAR:Foramen magnum şekilleri vakaların %22,6'sında yuvarlak, %18,9'unda yumurta şekilli, %18,9'unda tetragonal, %15,1'inde oval, %15,1'inde düzensiz, %5,6'sında ekstragonal ve %3,8'inde pentagonaldi. Kafataslarının %20,7'sinde oksipital kondilin foramene doğru çıkıntı yaptığı gözlendi. Foramen magnumun ortalama anteroposterior ve transvers çapı sırasıyla 31±2,4 mm ve 25,2±2,4 mm olarak belirlendi. Ortalama foramen magnum indeksi 1,2±0,1 bulundu. soNUÇ: Mevcut çalışma foramen magnumun çeşitli şekilleri ve morfometrisini belirlemiştir. Elde edilen veriler nörocerraha kraniyovertebral bileşke morfolojik anatomisini analiz etmek açısından faydalı olabilir. Bulgular ayrıca antropologlar, morfologlar ve klinik anatomistler için faydalıdır.ANAHTAR sÖZCÜKLeR: Foramen magnum, Morfoloji, Morfometri, Şekil, Kafatası
SUMMARY:For several generations physical anthropologists measured skulls in the belief that thereby they were likely to obtain results, this would enable them to trace the relationships between the races of mankind. It was believed that the form of the skull in particular remained constant in each race, and that different races typically showed different facial indices. Form of the head and face is now known to be subject to change through environmental influences. Measurement is necessary in order to obtain this kind of knowledge, and in order to be able to give as accurate a description of an individual or group of individuals as possible. The present study aimed at measuring facial index of both sex in Malaysian and Indian students. 300 students of both nations were measured for face length and face width and facial index was calculated. Malaysian males had a mean facial index of 85.72 and females had marginally higher value 87.71. Both belonged to Mesoprosopic face type and were statistically significant. Indian males had a mean facial index of 87.19 where as 86.75 in females. Both belonged to Mesoprosopic face type, and comparison of facial index was statistically not significant. Comparison between Indian and Malaysian subjects indicates that Indians (both sexes together) had a higher (87.04) mean facial index than Malaysians (86.76). However, this difference was statistically not significant.
SUMMARY: Cephalic index is important parameter for deciding race and sex of an individual whose identity is unknown. Cephalic index and head shape are greatly affected by geographical, sex, age and racial factors. Present study aimed at working out cephalic index in Indian students. 100 students were taken as subjects and head length, head breadth were measured. Indian males had mean cephalic index of 77.92 and they were mesocephalic and females had mean cephalic index of 80.85 and they were brachycephalic. The comparison was statistically significant. The data is utmost important in forensic medicine, anthropology and in genetics.
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