Volatile compounds of uncooked dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars representing three market classes (black, dark red kidney and pinto) grown in 2005 were isolated with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 62 volatiles consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alkanes, alcohols and ketones represented on average 62, 38, 21, 12, and 9 x 10(6) total area counts, respectively. Bean cultivars differed in abundance and profile of volatiles. The combination of 18 compounds comprising a common profile explained 79% of the variance among cultivars based on principal component analysis (PCA). The SPME technique proved to be a rapid and effective method for routine evaluation of dry bean volatile profile.

Hulls obtained by mechanical abrasive dehulling from four bean cultivars were extracted with two solvents, aqueous (70%) acetone and water, and the extracts evaluated for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in relation to their phenolic contents. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of bean hulls, measured using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values, were 6-8-fold those of corresponding whole beans. Aqueous acetone (70%) extracted over twice the amount of total phenolics from hulls that exhibited significantly higher antioxidant and stronger inhibitory effect on both cyclooxygenases, COX-1 and COX-2, than water. Acetone extract of black bean hull exhibited strong COX-1 (IC(50) = 1.2 microg/mL) and COX-2 (IC(50) = 38 microg/mL) inhibitory effects, even outperforming aspirin. Bean hull water extracts were stronger inhibitors of lipoxygenase, 15-LOX, than corresponding acetone extracts. Anti-inflammatory activity of bean hulls was dependent on their phenolic content and antioxidant activity that were significantly affected by cultivar and extracting solvent.

Eight lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) genotypes grown at four locations in south central Alberta in 2004 were evaluated for variability in phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity measured by a photochemiluminescence assay. Genotype was the main source of variation for content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. Phenolic compounds in genotypes varied minimally from 11.9 to 14.7 mg catechin equivalent and 4.15 to 4.95 mg rutin equivalent g(-1) lupin for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. Lupin genotypes exhibited weak antioxidant activity based on water-soluble substances (ACW) of 0.54 to 1.07 micromole Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g with lag time ranging from 70 to 153 s and an antioxidant index of 6.7 to 14.5 and 1.9 to 3.3 micromole TEAC/g based on measurements of lipid-soluble substances (ACL). Antioxidant activity of lupin genotypes was not related to phenolic contents of seeds.

Ten bean cultivars grown in southern Manitoba in 2006 were evaluated for variability in phytate, phenolic, and mineral contents, phytase activity, and antioxidant properties to elucidate the relationship of these components. Phytic acid content and phytase activity varied significantly among cultivars and market classes, ranging from 16.7 to 25.1 g/kg and from 224 to 361 phytase activity unit/kg of sample, respectively. The bean cultivars with total phenolic content ranging from 2.2 to 5.6 g of catechin equiv/kg of sample exhibited significant variation in antioxidant capacity [1.6-11.2 microM Trolox equiv (TE)/g of dry matter] and peroxyl radical scavenging activity (72-158 microM TE/g) using photochemiluminescence and fluorescence assays, respectively. Multivariate data analysis performed on 22 components analyzed in this study using principal component analysis and cluster methods demonstrate that differences in phytase, antioxidant activity, mineral contents, and bioavailability are much larger within market class than among bean cultivars.

. 1999. Genotype and environment effect on canning quality of dry bean grown in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 79: 335-342. Canning quality traits of dry bean are affected by both the genotype and the environment. This study was conducted to determine the effects of genotype, environment and the genotype × environment interaction on canning quality traits of selected navy bean, black bean and pinto bean cultivars. Three cultivars each of navy bean and black bean and two cultivars of pinto bean were grown at several sites across Saskatchewan in the summer of 1995 and 1996. Dry bean seed samples from five sites for navy bean, four sites for black bean and six sites for pinto bean grown over 2 yr were evaluated for canning quality traits using a modified laboratory canning protocol. The cultivar effect was significant for most canning quality traits in all three bean classes. For most canning quality traits, the cultivar × year × site interaction variance predominated over the corresponding cultivar × year or cultivar × site variances and, hence, the first order interactions were considered relatively unimportant. The occurrence of early fall frost at several sites resulted in frost-damaged seed, which affected both the genetic and environmental effects on the canning quality traits. Identification of cultivar × site interactions for a few canning quality traits does not justify dividing the province into subareas for breeding and testing purposes.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, common bean, genotype, environment, canning quality Balasubramanian, P., Slinkard, A., Tyler, R. et Vandenberg, A. 1999. Effet du génotype et du milieu sur la qualité des conserves appertisées de haricot sec produit en Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 79: 335-342. La qualité des conserves de haricot sec peut être touchée à la fois par le génotype et par les conditions du milieu. L'objet des travaux rapportés ici était de détermin-er les effets du génotype, de l'environnement et de l'interaction génotype × environnement sur la qualité des conserves de certains cultivars de haricot blanc, de haricot noir et de haricot pinto. Trois cultivars chacun des deux premiers types et deux de haricot pinto ont été cultivés à plusieurs endroits de la Saskatchewan dans les étés 1995 et 1996. Des échantillons de haricot sec provenant de 5 endroits dans le cas du haricot blanc, de 4 dans celui du haricot noir et de 6 dans celui du haricot pinto dans deux années ont été évalués quant à leur aptitude pour la mise en conserve, utilisant un protocole modifié d'appertisation en laboratoire. L'effet cultivar était significatif pour la plupart des critères qualitatifs chez les trois catégories de haricot. Pour la plupart des critères, la variance de l'interaction cultivar x année x emplacement l'emportait sur celle des interactions simples correspondantes cultivar x année ou cultivar x emplacement. Ces dernières étaient considérées comme relativement peu importantes. L'arrivée de gelées automnales précoces à plusieurs endroits a causé des endommagements des grain...

Bacterial wilt caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens is an important new disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in western Canada. Both yellow and orange variants of the pathogen were found in the region. A controlled environment study was conducted to assess 124 common bean cultivars and lines from eight market classes for resistance to the yellow and orange variants of the pathogen, using the hilum injury/seed inoculation method. Results of the screening tests showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in resistance to bacterial wilt among the cultivars or lines. The great northern line L02E317, the great northern cultivar Resolute and pinto lines L02B662 and 999S-2A, were highly resistant to both variants of the pathogen, with disease severity indices of 0 on a rating scale of 0 (no wilt symptoms) to 5 (dead seedling). Resistant cultivars or lines were found among black, great northern, pink, pinto, small red and Flor de Mayo bean market classes. The study concludes that new bacterial wilt-resistant germplasm exists among Canadian bean cultivars and lines, and constitutes a valuable resource for breeding common beans for resistance to both yellow and orange variants of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. Materials and Methods Bean cultivars and linesA total of 124 common bean entries were used in the study, including 23 registered commercial cultivars and 101 breeding lines, of which 47 were from the bean breeding program at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centre in Lethbridge, Alberta, in cooperation with the AAFC Research Station in Morden, Manitoba, and 54 were from the www.blackwell-synergy.com J. Phytopathology 153, 245-249 (2005) Ó 2005 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin

To facilitate early diagnosis and improve control of bean anthracnose, a rapid, specific, and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed to detect the causal agent, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed. Based on sequence data of the rDNA region consisting of the 5.8S gene and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 of four C. lindemuthianum races and 17 Colletotrichum species downloaded from GenBank, five forward primers were designed and evaluated for their specificity. Among them, one forward primer was selected for use in combination with ITS4 to specifically detect C. lindemuthianum. A 461-bp specific band was amplified from the genomic DNA template of 16 representative isolates of C. lindemuthianum, but not from 58 representative isolates of 17 other Colletotrichum species or 10 bean pathogens. Moreover, to enhance the sensitivity of detection, nested PCR was applied, which allowed the detection of as little as 10 fg of C. lindemuthianum genomic DNA and 1% infected seed powder, which was mixed with 99% healthy seed powder. The diagnostic analysis can be completed within 24 h, compared with about 2 weeks required for culturing. Furthermore, this method can be performed and interpreted by personnel with no specialized taxonomic expertise.

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars possess little or no freezing tolerance and are killed at the temperature of ice formation in their tissues. An increase in frost tolerance by 2-3 degrees C would expand dry bean production in the short growing seasons of the Canadian prairies and possibly to higher altitudes in the tropics where episodic frosts occur during the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in frost resistance of Phaseolus species in both controlled and field environments. Leaflets of dry bean cv. CDC Nighthawk, and wild relatives from the primary gene pool (P. vulgaris var. mexicanus Freytag and P. vulgaris var. aborigineus (Burkart) Baudet) and the tertiary gene pool (P. acutifolius var. tenuifolius A. Gray, P. filiformis Bentham, P. angustissimus A. Gray and P. ritensis M.E. Jones) were subjected to subzero temperatures with and without ice nucleation to determine the levels of tolerance and avoidance, respectively. The lethal temperature at which 50% of the leaflets were killed (LT(50)) was 0.5-1 degrees C lower for species of the tertiary gene pool compared to those from the primary gene pool. Leaflets of species from the tertiary gene pool were also characterized by extensive supercooling compared to leaflets of species from the primary gene pool. Resistance of Phaseolus species to spring and autumn frosts were determined on seedlings transplanted to the field. Phaseolus angustissimus, a species of the tertiary gene pool had the highest seedling survival in response to both autumn and spring frosts, when the minimum air temperatures were -5 and -7 degrees C, respectively. Frost resistance of Phaseolus angustissimus, if successfully introgressed into bean germplasm, may enable the development of frost resistant dry bean cultivars.