In this series, chromium was reported by dermatologists as potentially being involved in 6% of all cases of OCD in the U.K., and cobalt in 4%. Our data support the view that chromium-related dermatitis has an onset in later working life and often affects those in the building trades, whereas cobalt-related dermatitis seems to have an earlier onset and may affect a wide range of employments.

We have shown that patch testing can identify relevant allergens in 44% of children with eczema. The commonest relevant allergens were medicament allergens, plant allergens, house dust mite, nickel, Amerchol® L101, and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol. Patch testing can be performed in children as young as 2 years with the proper preparation.

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6 Wither J, Johnson SR, Liu T et al. Presence of an interferon signature in individuals who are anti-nuclear antibody positive lacking a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease diagnosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19: 41. 7 McMahon DE, Amerson E, Rosenbach M et al. Cutaneous reactions reported after Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccination: a registry-based study of 414 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 85: 46-55.