Informed by debates in recent literature on indigenous peoples' role in water governance, our research examines recent initiatives to enhance the role of M aori in water governance in Aotearoa/New Zealand based on the case of recently reinvented hybrid governance arrangements for Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere. The water governance landscape in New Zealand has been significantly reconfigured in the last 25 years, with wide-ranging changes precipitated by the neo-liberal agendas of recent governments. Running alongside this neo-liberal agenda was the revival of indigenous rights language during the 1970s, a reflection of growing political recognition of the aboriginal customary natural resource ownership and management rights. Set within this geo-political context, we argue that three factors, property rights, globalisation and the regulatory planning environment for management, both enable and constrain indigenous people to govern natural resources within a post-colonial society such as New Zealand.
The critique of indigenous forest management in New Zealand in this paper contextualises the discussion in light of recent Eurocentric debates on the transition towards ‘postproductivist’ and ‘multifunctional’ agricultural and forestry regimes. The research findings confirm recent criticisms of Australian writers with regard to the direct transferability of the notion of a transition towards postproductivism developed by European researchers and also lend support to Holmes's (2002) notion of productivist and postproductivist occupance. Long-standing productivist demands continue to be made on New Zealand's indigenous forests, especially from economically marginalised stakeholder groups who depend on the continuation of logging for economic survival. We argue that the tension between the recent adoption of a ‘postproductivist’ conservation policy at government level and the continuing ‘productivist’ attitudes among some stakeholder groups explains why the protection of remaining indigenous forests continues to be contested. The New Zealand findings also provide further evidence for those persons criticising the implied linearity and dualism inherent in the Eurocentric postproductivist transition model. We argue that processes at the New Zealand forest–farmland interface support Wilson's (2001) notion of a territorialisation of productivist and postproductivist territories into a ‘multifunctional’ territory. From a social constructionist perspective, the results highlight the fact that a clear separation into productivist and postproductivist occupance may not be easy to conceptualise as our view of agricultural land as ‘productivist’ territory and unlogged or sustainably managed indigenous forest as ‘postproductivist’ territory is largely based on a Euro–American ‘deep green’ view of unaltered ‘nonhuman’ nature. This supports Mather's (2001) suggestion that postproductivism should be cast as part of a shifting mode of social regulation of forestry with particular stakeholder groups constructing images of nature according to their interests, and where western ideas of nature as a (postproductivist) wilderness embody cultural politics which arguably serve to marginalise the interests of indigenous communities.
ResumeFonde sur les conclusions d'une enqu~te recente entreprise par l'Institut Mazingira de Nairobi, cet article analyse le caractere de ]'agriculture urbaine dans les villes du Kenya. I.: accent est mis sur le ravitaillement en nourriture en tant qu'element de l'economie informelle urbaine. I.: agriculture, basee sur les cultures et le betail est une activite commune frequemment rencontree dans les centres urbains en Afrique. Bien que consideree de peu d'importance par les urbanistes et les intellectuels, 1' agriculture urbaine est un element cle de l'economie des menages pauvres. Une telle agriculture lutte pour obtenir la terre, la main d'oeuvre et les ressources et renferme un aspect vital de 1' economie et du pays age urbains de la ville africaine. Selon cet article, la theorie urbaine africaine doit incorporer cet element de la realite urbaine d'une importance capitale.
The use of tourism as a driver of economic development is widely acknowledged. In New Zealand and internationally, tourism is used overtly as a mechanism by which governments are able to address a variety of national, regional and local development objectives. In this paper, we present a critique of recent responses in New Zealand to the task of guiding tourism development from a strategic and collaborative sustainable development perspective. As argued in this paper, the roles and responsibilities of government in tourism were reinvented during the 1980s and 1990s. These changes, inspired by a neo-liberal political ideology to deregulate the New Zealand economy and to restructure the state sector and local government, ultimately included the tourism sector. More recently, however, public sector policy initiatives indicate a shift towards a more pro-active role for the local state (local and regional government) in managing tourism development. This shift, informed by a New Regionalism policy framework, anticipates a devolved tourism planning mandate that fosters longer-term strategic and collaborative planning of the sector in order to enhance the contribution of tourism to sustainable community wellbeing. We reflect on the likely effectiveness of a devolved tourism planning mandate and interrogate the role and potential of tourism to contribute to regional development, as framed by the political philosophies of the New Regionalism.
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