Syngas is composed of mixtures of H2 and CO and inerts such as N2, steam and CO2. The composition of syngas derived from oxygen and air-blown gasifiers is discussed. The low exhaust gaseous emissions potential of diffusion, lean premixed and rich catalytic combustors with representative oxygen and air-blown syngas fuels are evaluated. The evaluation is performed using network of well-stirred reactor models. The parameters of the reactor models are carefully chosen so as to represent the flow-physics in the combustors. Predictions of NO and CO emissions for the different combustion modes are presented for the representative syngas fuels. The calculations are performed with combustor pressures and inlet temperatures typical of heavy-duty gas turbine power generation plants. The effect of combustor exit temperature, added diluents and the composition of the fuel on NO and CO emissions are evaluated for the different combustion technologies. The sensitivity of the emissions to reactor parameters is also explored.
Future high-efficiency, low-emission generation plants that produce electric power, transportation fuels, and/or chemicals from fossil fuel feed stocks require a new class of fuelflexible combustors. In this program, a validated combustor approach was developed which enables single-digit NO x operation for a future generation plants with low-Btu off gas and allows the flexibility of process-independent backup with natural gas. This combustion technology overcomes the limitations of current syngas gas turbine combustion systems, which are designed on a site-by-site basis, and enable improved future co-generation plant designs. In this capacity, the fuel-flexible combustor enhances the efficiency and productivity of future co-production plants.In task 2, a summary of market requested fuel gas compositions was created and the syngas fuel space was characterized. Additionally, a technology matrix and chemical kinetic models were used to evaluate various combustion technologies and to select two combustor concepts. In task 4 systems analysis of a co-production plant in conjunction with chemical kinetic analysis was performed to determine the desired combustor operating conditions for the burner concepts.Task 5 discusses the experimental evaluation of three syngas capable combustor designs. The hybrid combustor, Prototype-1 utilized a diffusion flame approach for syngas fuels with a lean premixed swirl concept for natural gas fuels for both syngas and natural gas fuels at FA+e gas turbine conditions. The hybrid nozzle was sized to accommodate syngas fuels ranging from ~100 to 280 btu/scf and with a diffusion tip geometry optimized for Early Entry Co-generation Plant (EECP) fuel compositions. The swozzle concept utilized existing GE DLN design methodologies to eliminate flow separation and enhance fuel-air mixing. With changing business priorities, a fully premixed natural gas & syngas nozzle, Protoytpe-1N, was also developed later in the program. It did not have the diluent requirements of Prototype-1 and was demonstrated at targeted gas turbine conditions. The TVC combustor, Prototype-2, premixes the syngas with air for low emission performance. The combustor was designed for operation with syngas and no additional diluents. The combustor was successfully operated at targeted gas turbine conditions. Another goal of the program was to advance the status of development tools for syngas systems. In Task 3 a syngas flame evaluation facility was developed. Fundamental data on syngas flame speeds and flame strain were obtained at pressure for a wide range of syngas fuels with preheated air. Several promising reduced order kinetic mechanisms were compared with the results from the evaluation facility. The mechanism with the best agreement was selected for application to syngas combustor modeling studies in Task 6. Prototype-1 was modeled using an advanced LES combustion code.The tools and combustor technology development culminate in a full-scale demonstration of the most promising technology in Task 8. The combusto...
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