Pathogenic and/or opportunistic fungal species are major causes of nosocomial infections, especially in controlled environments where immunocompromised patients are hospitalized. Indoor fungal contamination in hospital air is associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Regular determination of fungal spore counts in controlled hospital environments may help reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because infants have inchoate immune systems, they are given immunocompromised patient status. The aim of the present study was to evaluate culturable airborne fungi in the air of hospital newborn units in the Thrace, Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions of Turkey. A total of 108 air samples were collected seasonally from newborn units in July 2012, October 2012, January 2013, and April 2013 by using an air sampler and dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) as isolation media. We obtained 2593 fungal colonies comprising 370 fungal isolates representing 109 species of 28 genera, which were identified through multi-loci gene sequencing. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Talaromyces, and Alternaria were the most abundant genera identified (35.14, 25.40, 17.57, 2.70, and 6.22% of the total, respectively).
Aims
The changes in chemical composition and metabolizable energy (ME) of both olive mill waste (OMW) upon fermentation by three potential probiotic Rhizopus oryzae strains and commercial feed (CF) upon its supplementation by fermented olive mill waste (FOMW) were investigated. The objective was to test whether there will be an enhancement in the nutritional value of OMW after fermentation and/or commercial broiler feed upon supplementation by potentially probiotic filamentous fungi.
Methods and results
A three Rhizopus oryzae strains (92/1, 236/2 and 284) isolated from agricultural soil that were proven to have good probiotic properties (non‐toxic, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant capacity and gastrointestinal tolerance) were used to ferment OMW, then the chemical composition was analysed after 7 and 14 days of fermentation. The FOMW with the R. oryzae 284 strain, which gave the best results, was added to a commercial broiler feed at 20%, 30% and 40% supplementation ratios. Then proximal analyses were done to compare non‐supplemented with supplemented CF. Chemical analyses included dry weight, crude protein, crude fats, crude fibres, crude ash, sugars and starch, and then ME was calculated from the given values.
Conclusions
Compared to non‐fermented OMW, the best results were obtained by the R. oryzae 284 strain allowing an increase in crude protein content by 23.4% after 7 days of fermentation, a decrease in crude fibre content by 9.8% after 14 days of fermentation and an increase in ME by 3.6% after 7 days of fermentation. Compared to non‐supplemented CF, the ME changes of 20%, 30% and 40% supplementation increased by 8.38%, 2.83% and decreased by 4.27%, respectively.
Significance and Impact of the Study
FOMW can be incorporated into broiler feed rations until 30% without causing any decrease in metabolizable energy. It can be a cheaper alternative with promising productivity and chicken health improvements.
Aim: To isolate and identyfy keratinophilic fungi from soil samples excavated excavation area within the ancient city of Stratonikeia, Turkey and determination of their enzyme potentials. Stratonikeia, a city in the interior of Caria, located at Eskihisar Village, in the Yatagan district of Mugla province of Turkey. Methodology: Keratin bating technique was applied for isolating of dermatophytes and keratinophilic fungi. Fungal isolate were identified by phenotyping and genotyping methods. Screening of protease, keratinase, cellulose, lipase and cutinase enzyme was carried at solid medium. Results: Non-dermatophyte species, viz., Aspergillus fumigatus, Engyodontium album, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Lecanicillium lecani and Purpureocillium lilacinum were identified. Protease, keratinase and cellulase were determined at moderate and high levels, while lipase and cutinase were not recorded. Interpretation: Non-dermatophyte strains having high keratinase, cellulase and protease activities are not only involved in pathogenesis, but also have a great ecological significance due to keratin degrading potential.
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