OBJECTIVE: Reactive oxygen species and oxygen free radicals cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and cell DNA in the cell membrane. Although many DNA products are produced during oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is the most common one, since it can be produced in in vivo environment. In recent years, diving has been done quite frequently for business and sports purposes all over the world. Increased environmental pressure in diving leads to hyperoxia and causes oxidative stress. METHODS:The acute effects of diving on DNA damage were evaluated by comparing 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine values of 15 professional diver groups before and after diving. In addition to the demographic characteristics, the serum 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine levels of these 15 divers were compared with the control group consisting of nondiving medical students to examine the chronic effect of diving on DNA damage. RESULTS:After deep dive, the amount of 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine increased significantly in the diver group and acute DNA damage was observed (T1: 38.86±4.7; T2: 51.77±4.53; p<0.05). In the control group, the amount of 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine was insignificant (C1: 47.48±3.73; T1: 38.86±4.7; p>0.05).CONCLUSIONS: It was found that air dives caused an increase in serum 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine levels, leading to acute oxidative stress and aging. However, there is no chronic side effect, according to the study of samples taken from the control group. This was thought to be due to the relative sedentary life of the control group. The duration of the effect or the ability to return to normal values should be investigated with further studies planned with large populations.

ÖZ19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında atan ticari hareketlilik bu dönemde Trabzon'un ticari yükünü çeken Çömlekçi Limanı'nın yetersizliğini de ortaya koydu. Bu süreçte limandaki ilk altyapı çalışmaları Kırım Savaşı ve sonrasında gerçekleştirildi. Ancak sonraları limanın özel bir şirket tarafından yapılması da gündeme geldi. Dussaud Biraderler adlı bir Fransız mühendislik şirketi 1870'te limanının ihtiyacı olan tüm altyapı unsurlarını içeren geniş bir proje hazırlayarak hükümete sundu. Şirketin bu teklifi kabul olmadı; fakat daha sonra uygulanmaya çalışılan liman inşa projelerine ve 20. yüzyılın ortalarında bitirilebilen Trabzon Limanı'nın yapısına bakıldığında Dussaud Biraderlerin projesinin daha sonraki projeleri ne derece etkilediği kolaylıkla görülebilir. Bu makale arşiv belgelerinden hareketle Dussaud Biraderler'in projesini önceki ve sonraki çalışmalar ekseninde incelemeyi ve etkilerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.Anahtar Szöcükler: Trabzon, Dussaud Biraderler, Çömlekçi Limanı, Liman İnşaatı, Fransa THE TRABZON PORT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT OF DUSSAUD BROTHERS (1870)ABSTRACT Growing commercial activity in the second half of the 19th century revealed inadequate conditions of the Çömlekçi Port by which a great part of the Trabzon's trade realized in this period. The first infrastructure works was carried at the port during and after the Crimean War. But the construction of a port by a private company was also on the agenda. A French Engineering Company, Dussaud Brothers, prepared a large project that includes all  Yrd. Doç. Dr., Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü, GÜMÜŞHANE.

Marine litter, which can be seen in almost all seas in recent years, is a serious problem for the environment. Similarly, the same problem also exists in Turkey's seas. This study was carried out in 4 different areas, each of which is 100m², in the Yumurtalık Fishing Port in İskenderun Bay. Marine litter was removed from the seabed by diving in these selected areas in April 2016 and June 2017. In the study, a total of 157.2 kg of rubber (49.5%), 118.9 kg of glass (37.4%), 21.61 kg of plastic (6.8%) and 19.94 kg of metal (6.3%) marine litter were detected and removed. It was determined that the marine litter extracted in 2017 was less by weight compared to 2016 (p