Liquid containment tanks are, generally, subjected to large deformations under severe earthquake conditions due to coupling forces between tank and the contained liquid. The accurate description of these forces is vital in order to diminish or eliminate the potential risk of tank failure during an earthquake. Yet, analytical formulations derived for the seismic analysis of liquid storage tanks are not capable to capture the complex fluid-structure effects since they include many assumptions and simplifications not only for the behavior of fluid and structure but also for the external excitation. On the other hand, an appropriate numerical method allows us to cope with large displacements of free surface of the fluid, high deformations of the structure and correctly predicts the hydrodynamic forces due to the high-speed impacts of sloshing liquid on a tank wall and roof. For this purpose, a new coupling algorithm based on the penalty formulation of finite element method which computes the coupling forces at the fluidstructure interface is developed in this paper. This algorithm is constructed on a two superimposed mesh systems which are a fixed or moving ALE mesh for fluid and a deformable Lagrangian mesh for structure. The fluid is represented by Navier-Stokes equations and coupled system is solved using an explicit time integration scheme. In order to verify the analysis capability of coupling algorithm for tank problems, numerical method is applied for the analyses of a rigid rectangular tank under harmonic excitation and a flexible cylindrical tank subjected to earthquake motion and numerical results are compared with existing analytical and experimental results. Strong correlation between reference solution and numerical results is obtained in terms of sloshing wave height.
Bone chemical composition (particularly utilizing isotopes) analysis was a relatively late bloomer, beginning in the early 2000s and only gathering pace in the last five to ten years. Trace element analysis had actually commenced in the 1980s, however, with a hiatus until its resurgence in the last decade. Currently, research into dietary habits, subsistence practices, and mobility has focused on early proto-sedentary and sedentary agricultural populations in Anatolia. This is starting to change now in conjunction with the realization of the importance of bioarchaeology as an encompassing field, providing a holistic approach to examining prehistoric populations. This article will discuss the valuable contribution of stable isotope and trace element analyses for better understanding past environmental adaptations by humans (dietary habits, subsistence practices, and mobility). It will also provide an overview of past and current bioarchaeology-focused biogeochemical research in Turkish archaeology, and how this field can be developed moving forward.
An area of 210 sq km was investigated in the Hekimhan-Hasancelebi district of central Turkey as part of the Maden Tetkik ve Arama Institusu(MTA)-U. S. Geological Survey(USGS) mineral exploration and training project to explore for iron deposits and to provide on-the-job training for MTA geologists. The rocks of the area are Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks intruded by syenite and a serpentinized mafic and ultramafic complex * and overlain unconformably by late Tertiary basalt. The base of the section is a thick mafic volcanic-sedimentary sequence with diverse rocks that include conglomerate, sandstone, shale, tuff, limestone, and basalt. The upper part of the sequence is metasomatized near syenite contacts. The sequence is conformably overlain by trachyte and unconformably overlain by massive limestone. Overlying the limestone is a Tertiary sedimentary sequence which is dominantly conglomerate and sandstone with local limestone and volcanic rocks. This series is in turn overlain by olivine basalt. Mineral deposits are associated with the two types of intrusive rocks. Hematite-magnetite in the Karakuz mine area and in the Bahcedami-Hasancelebi area is related to the syenite, and siderite in the Deveci mine area is possibly related to the mafic-ultramafic rocks. Significant iron resources are found only in the Karakuz and Deveci areas. In the Karakuz area disseminations, veins, and replacements consisting of hematite and magnetite are present. Most of the material is low grade. In the Deveci mine area a large deposit of siderite apparently is a replacement of carbonate beds adjacent to serpentinized igneous rock. The upper part of the siderite deposit is weathered and enriched to a mixture of iron and manganese oxides of direct shipping ore grade. Additional investigation of both the Karakuz and Deveci mine areas is recommended including: '-_-.' 1. A detailed gravity and magnetic survey of part of the Karakuz area. ---2. Diamond drilling at both the Karakuz and Deveci areas.
Journal of FisheriesSciences.comÖzdemir ve ark., 4(4): 427-436 (2010) Journal abbreviation: J FisheriesSciences.com 428 Abstract: Determination of catch composition and length-weight relationship of some pelagic fishes caught by pairly midwater trawl In this study, catch composition and length-weight relationship of important pelagic species were determinate to catch by midwater trawl, in the Black Sea, such as anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), allis shad (Alosa tanaica) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus). The end of 36 tows, total 415 487 kg fishes were caught in the the in October, November and December of 2008-2009 fishing season. Anchovy the most was captured fish (225 000 kg), catch amount of other species was determined 32 112 kg, 1 245 kg, 130 kg and 157 000 kg respectively. The mean length of fishes, 10.72±0.08 cm for anchovy, 13.08±0.05 cm for Mediterranean horse mackerel, 17.52±0.09 cm for bluefish, 23.30±0.24 cm for allis shad and 8.55±0.02 cm for sprat, were established Length-weight relationship of fishes was calculated W= 0.
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