This report describes a case of radial hemimelia in a 6 day-old West African Dwarf female kid presented at the Large Animal Clinic of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria, because of inability to bear weight as a result of suspected bone fracture of the right forelimb which was noticed few minutes after kidding. Physical examination revealed crepitation along the ulna shaft of the right forelimb. Radiographic examination revealed complete absence of the radius, malformed carpal bones, reduced congruity at the humeroulna joint, and curved ulnar bone with a complete closed transverse fracture at the distal 1/3rd. Documentation of such defects in ruminants would give valuable information on their incidence, animal species, breed susceptibility and possibly environmental influence on their pathogenesis.
Growth plates are also known asphyses, epiphyseal plate, metaphyseal growth plate, epiphyseal cartilage and epiphyseal disk [1]. They are the endochondral ossification areas of long bones [2] which are specialized cartilages extending longitudinally between the epiphysis and metaphysis of immature long bones. The growth plate appears radiolucent on radiographs [3] which closes as the animal matures and at this age of maturity, the epiphysis fuses with the metaphysis to become a single bone [4].Growth plates are specialized cartilages extending longitudinally between the epiphysis and metaphysis of immature long bones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appearance, sequential thickness and closure time of the proximal and distal growth plates of radius and ulna bones in Nigerian indigenous dogs considering the paucity of information on these areas. In this study, a total of sixteen (8 male and 8 females) apparently healthy Nigerian indigenous dogs were used over a period of 48 weeks. Medio-lateral radiographic exposures of the right forelimb of each puppy were taken at weekly intervals up to a period of 9 weeks and thereafter at 4 weeks interval. The radiographic images were reviewed and interpreted. The results obtained showed that the growth plate of the distal epiphysis of the radius was the first to appear at week 2 in some dogs and at 3 weeks in others, while that of the proximal epiphysis of the radius appeared second at 5 weeks in all the dogs. The growth plate of the distal epiphysis of the ulna bone appeared at 6 weeks while that of the proximal epiphysis of the ulna appeared at 8 weeks in all the dogs. The proximal ulna growth plate was the first to fuse at 24 weeks followed by the proximal radius at 28 weeks, then the distal ulna at 32 weeks while the distal radius was the last to fuse at 36 weeks in most of the dogs. AbstractThe age at growth plate closure is expected to depend on breed genetic factors, physiological conditions, disease, cross-breeding, nutritional conditions, and the management system [5].For evaluation of growth plates, radiographic imaging is an effective method to demonstrate the time of appearance and closure of growth plates which are very important in order to decide whether there is normal or abnormal development of the bone and also to know the age at which interruption of the growth plate region using threaded devices can be performed without interrupting the growth plate. In support of this, several reports have been documented on the growth plate of other species and breeds of dogs: cat's [12] mice [7] cattle [13], monkey [14], sheep [15], goat [16], in horse [17,18]. However, there was limited study on the radiographic observations of the forelimb of Nigerian indigenous dogs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to observe the time of appearance, sequential thickness and closure of growth plates of radius and ulna bones of male and female Nigerian indigenous dogs by using radiograph. Material and MethodsSixteen (8 males, 8 females) apparently healthy Nigerian ...
Open fontanel is the soft membranous spot located on the head of a newborn due to incomplete fusion of the cranial bones; it is at this point that all of the skull plates finally unite. It is equivalent to the soft spot at the top of a human baby's head. An understanding of a normal fontanel and its closure pattern in puppies will help in easy identification of disorders and delay in its closure time. This study was conducted to monitor the time of closure of the open fontanel in Nigerian indigenous puppies from one week to eight weeks. A total of five apparently healthy Nigerian indigenous puppies were used for this study. Radiographic exposures of the puppies were scheduled at weekly interval for 8 weeks using a setting range of 50-60 kV and 8-10 mAs and manual processing of the films was used in this study. It was observed from the results that the average length of open fontanel in the dogs were: 1.16 mm at week one, 0.92 mm at week two, 0.91 mm at week three, 0.90 mm at week four, 0.83 mm at week five, 0.71 mm at week six, at week seven, the open fontanel of one puppy fused, with an average length of 0.40 mm for the remaining puppies, at week eight, there was complete closure of the open fontanel in all the puppies. It was observed from this study that the length of open fontanel kept reducing as the animal grew older till it finally fused.
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