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Nanoparticles have been widely used in cancer therapy because of its nanoscale, high surface ratio, multifuntions
and so on. With specific construction of nanoparticles, such as choosing magnetic nanomaterials or citric acid coated nanoparticle, scientists can kill tumor cells effectively and accurately,importantly, reducing the side effect of conventional
chemotherapy. Currently, they have been continually applied in cancer therapeutics research. Scientists not only designed
nanoparticles loading with therapeutic drugs, but also equipped with targeted molecules. These works make nanoparticles
become a multifuntional nanocarrier. In the construction of multifunctional nanocarriers, nanoparticles play the important
work of drug delivery. Normally, enabling drugs delivery to tumor tissues is a difficult task. During the period of internal
circulation, it is hard to keep the nanocarriers stability. As well as not attach to normal cells or serum. With the application
of stimulus-responsive nanomaterials, scientists develop many nanocarriers with controllable drug release. These controllable drug delivery systems can quickly respond to microenvironmental changes (PH, enzyme, etc.) or external stimuli (photo,
heat, magnetic or electric fields). Thus, it is to overcome the side effects by controllable drug delivery systems in vivo. In
this article, we summarize the various kinds of stimulus-responsive nanocarriers for cancer therapy and discuss its possibilities and challenges in future application.
Bladder cancer (BC) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor affecting the urinary system, characterized by metastasis and a poor prognosis that often leads to limited therapeutic success. This study aims to develop a novel DNA aptamer for the diagnosis and treatment of BC using a tissue‐based systematic evolution of ligands by an exponential enrichment (SELEX) process. By using SELEX, this work successfully generates a new aptamer named TB‐5, which demonstrates a remarkable and specific affinity for nucleolin (NCL) in BC tissues and displays marked biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, this work shows that NCL is a reliable tissue‐specific biomarker in BC. Moreover, according to circular dichroism spectroscopy, TB‐5 forms a non‐G‐quadruplex structure, distinguishing it from the current NCL–targeting aptamer AS1411, and exhibits a distinct binding region on NCL compared to AS1411. Notably, this study further reveals that TB‐5 activates NCL function by promoting autophagy and suppressing the migration and invasion of BC cells, which occurs by disrupting mRNA transcription processes. These findings highlight the critical role of NCL in the pathological examination of BC and warrant more comprehensive investigations on anti‐NCL aptamers in BC imaging and treatment.
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The content and the application of pharmaceutical dosage forms must meet several basic
requirements to ensure and maintain efficiency, safety and quality. A large number of active
substances have limited ability to direct administration. Excipients are generally used to overcome the
limitation of direct administration of these active substances. However, the function, behavior and
composition of the excipients need to be well known in the design, development and production of
pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this review, excipients used to assist in any pharmaceutical dosage
form production processes of drugs, to preserve, promote or increase stability, bioavailability and
patient compliance, to assist in product identification / separation, or to enhance overall safety and
effectiveness of the drug delivery system during storage or use are explained. Moreover, the use of
these excipients in drug delivery systems are identified. Excipient toxicity, which is an issue discussed
in the light of current studies, also discussed in this review.
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