A detailed prospective study of 58 consecutive breast cancer patients and contemporaneous controls, using age, duration of tumour and presence or absence of poor prognostic signs as clinical parameters, clearly showed that the patients fell into three distinct groups. Group A accounted for 30 per cent of cancers and consisted of young women (21-45 years) with advanced cancers, a short history (3 months or less) and poor prognostic signs; these patients had fast-growing tumours. Group B, to which nearly 60 per cent of patients belonged, was made up of menopausal women (46-50 years) with advanced disease, a history of from 3 months to 1 year and poor prognostic signs; their tumour growth rate was intermediate. Group C made up slightly more than 10 per cent of cases and consisted of postmenopausal women (50 years and above) who gave a long history (1 year or more), and had resectable tumours without poor prognostic signs. Thus, although advanced breast cancer in tropical Africa is due to late presentation in the majority of cases, a small but significant proportion of women have advanced disease in spite of early presentation, attributable to fast tumour growth rate.
Sera from 37 adult Nigerian men with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), 30 contemporaneous controls bearing primary cell carcinoma of the liver (PCL), and 150 healthy non-tumour-bearing negative controls were tested for antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Certain immunocellular functions were also measured: the chemotactic locomotion of peripheral blood monocytes towards casein, delayedtype cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculoprotein and opportunistic infection with the fungus Candida albicans. Sera from all these groups were also tested for markers of previous infections with the viruses cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis A (HAV). All serum samples tested were reproducibly and consistently negative for anti-HTLV-III/LAV. Peripheral blood monocytes from both KS and PCL patients showed profound depression of chemotaxis; similarly all tumour patients gave markedly depressed cutaneous reactivity to tuberculoprotein and uniformly exhibited seropositivity to CMV, EBV, HBV and HAV. A great majority showed evidence of infection with Candida albicans. It is concluded that tropical African KS is not associated with HTLV-III/LAV infection.
Male breast cancer is rare worldwide. The highest incidence of 2.1 per 100,000 is recorded in Louisiana USA. The record for Africa varies from 0.2 per 100,000 in Gambia to 0.8 per 100,000 in Mali Breast cancer has been erroneously thought to be entirely a female disease in the tropics. This ignorance makes late presentation almost the rule in Nigeria as reported by authors in various part of the country. Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Calabar. From the Calabar cancer registry record, 105 cases of breast cancer were seen in 1995 through 1998. Of these 5 patients (4.7%) were male. A review of 30 cases of male breast cancer seen in UCTH between Jan 1983 to Dec 2002 is being studied to look at the clinical presentation, histological pattern and management. They were aged 19 to 85yrs with mean of 53.1yrs. We observed two peaks at 3 rd and 6 th decades of life. More than 80% (25 cases) presented with painless lump and palpable axillary lymph nodes. Over 50% were on the right. Three patients also had nipples changes. Gross weight loss was associated with very advanced cases. The interval before presentation ranged from 3 to 84 months. All had mastectomy and axillary nodes dissection. Adjuvant chemotherapy was also used. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination of removed specimen. The follow up was generally poor. However one patient survived beyond ten years.
A total of 240 point of lay birds were used to investigate the effect of feed presentation on the performance, litter and egg quality parameters of Shika Brown layers from point of lay. The birds were fed diet with similar nutrient content but presented in five different forms. Diet 1 was presented in the form of crumbs; diet 2 was presented in small pellets, diet 3 was presented in bigger sized pellets while diet 4 was presented as mash. Diet 5 which served as the control was a home made layer diet of 16.5% crude protein and 2600kcal/kg metabolisable energy. Each of these diets constituted a treatment (making 5 treatments) and each treatment was replicated 4 times with 12 birds per replicate in a complete randomized design experiment. The birds were raised under the deep litter system, fed and given water ad libitum. Equal quantity of five kilogramme of wood shavings was spread in each pen measuring 1.2 by 2.5 meters. Records taken includes initial and final weight of the birds, feed intake which was measured weekly, egg production which was recorded daily and mortality which was recorded as they occurred. Samples of the litter were taken from each replicate group and scored on a scale of 1-5 with 1 representing the driest and 5 representing the wettest before being analysed for moisture content. Samples of three eggs from each replicate were taken for three consecutive days at the end of every month. They were weighed and broken out into a flat white plate for the measurement of albumen height and width, volk height and width. Yolk colour was read using the Roche Yolk Colour Fan". The shells were washed and sun dried for three days before the weight and shell thickness were measured. Results obtained indicated that feed presentation has a significant effect on the performance, litter quality, economic analysis and egg quality parameters of the birds.
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