Abstract. Rice husk is the outermost part of the rice seed which is a hard layer and a waste material from rice milling. Rice husk includes biomass that can be exploited for various requirements such as industrial raw materials as well as energy sources or fuel but only a small group of people use it. This research is conducted utilizing the rice husk as an alternative fuel by making it as a charcoal briquette. To make the treatment easy, firstly the rice husk biomass was converted into charcoal powder by carbonization method using two kinds of furnace which have different heating behavior. The best carbonization results are obtained from the furnace, which has a constant temperature heating behavior. The process of making briquettes is prepared by adding tapioca starch of 6% concentration by weight as charcoal adhesive and then printed with the aid of pressing tools using loads at 1,000 kg/cm 2 . The resulting briquette has a calorific value about 3.126 cal/g, mass density is 0.86 g/cm 3 and compressive strength is about 2.02 kg/cm 2 , so that the bio-briquette of charcoal produced can be used as alternative energy to replace the fossil fuel for domestic or household purposes.
Abstrak. Indonesia merupakan negara tropis yang menjadi salah satu penghasil kelapa terbesar di dunia. Dalam satu buah kelapa hanya menghasilkan daging kelapa sebesar 28%, sisanya adalah sabut kelapa sebesar 35% dan tempurung kelapa sebesar 12% yang sering dianggap sebagai limbah sisa. Salah satu bentuk pemanfaatan dari limbah sabut dan tempurung kelapa yaitu dengan dibuat menjadi briket yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi yang optimal pada pembuatan briket campuran sabut dan tempurung kelapa dengan menggunakan perekat tetes tebu (molase). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode ekperimen dengan tahapan persiapan bahan, karbonisasi bahan, pembuatan briket, dan pengujian briket. Pada pembuatan briket, bahan perekat yang digunakan adalah perekat molase dengan konsentrasi 10%. Pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi uji proksimat, uji nilai kalor, dan uji pembakaran dengan metode WBT (Water Boiling Test) untuk mengetahui efisiensi pembakaran. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukan peningkatan nilai kalor seiring dengan penambahan konsentrasi tempurung kelapa. Sehingga komposisi yang optimal pada pembuatan briket campuran sabut dan tempurung kelapa adalah 50% : 50% dengan nilai kalor sebesar 6211 kal/g dan telah memenuhi Standar Briket Nasional. Dan dari hasil uji pembakaran didapatkan efisiensi pembakaran sebesar 9,861%. Kata kunci : Tempurung Kelapa, Molase, Briket, Nilai KalorAbstract. Indonesia is a tropical country that became one of the largest coconut producers in the world. In one coconut produce coconut meat of 28%, the rest is coconut husk 35% and coconut shell of 12% which is often regarded as waste residue. One form of utilization of coconut coir waste and shell is to be made into briquettes that can be used as an alternative fuel. This study aims to determine the optimal composition of briquettes mixture of coir and coconut shell by adhesive molasses. The method used in this research is experimental method with the stages of material preparation, material carbonization, briquette making, and briquette testing. In the manufacture of briquettes, adhesives used are molasses adhesives with a concentration of 10%. Tests conducted include proximate test, calorific value test, and combustion test with WBT (Water Boiling Test) method to determine the combustion efficiency. From the results of the study showed an increase in calorific value along with the addition of coconut shell concentration. The optimum composition of coconut husk briquette and coconut shell briquettes is 50%: 50% with a calorific value of 6211 cal/g and has complied with the National Briquettes Standard. And from combustion test result got the burning efficiency equal to 9.861%.
Abstrak. Salah satu bahan bakar alternatif yang dapat digunakan dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan energi di Indonesia adalah briket dari limbah biomassa. Dalam pemanfaatannya, briket dapat menghasilkan emisi karbon monoksida yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia yang dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran tidak sempurna carbon dengan oksigen. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui emisi karbon monoksida (CO) dan laju pembakaran dari briket campuran sekam padi dengan serbuk gergaji kayu jati dan pengaruhnya terhadap ukuran butir briket. Metodologi penelitian meliputi pengeringan bahan, karbonisasi bahan, penghalusan dan penyaringan bahan 40 mesh (420 µm), 60 mesh (250 µm), dan 100 mesh (149 µm), pencetakan dan pengepresan briket, serta pengeringan briket. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian emisi karbon monoksida dan laju pembakaran pada briket. Hasil emisi karbon monoksida (CO) semakin berkurang ketika ukuran butir yang dimiliki briket yang semakin kasar. Variasi pencampuran bahan sekam padi dan serbuk gergaji kayu jati pada perbandingan 50:50 dengan ukuran butir 40 mesh menghasilkan emisi karbon (CO) paling rendah sebesar 509 ppm / sekon. Semakin kasar ukuran briket maka laju pembakaran yang dihasilkan semakin cepat dan briket semakin cepat habis terbakar, namun nilai kalor yang dihasilkan masih rendah berkisar antara 3.420 -4.889 kal/gr. Laju pembakaran yang paling tinggi terdapat pada sampel briket campuran sekam padi dengan serbuk gergaji kayu jati pada perbandingan 50:50 dengan ukuran butir briket 40 mesh adalah sebesar 0,0138 gram/sekon. Kata kunci : briket, sekam padi, serbuk kayu jati, emisi karbon monoksida Abstract. One alternative fuel that can be used to fulfill the energy needs in Indonesia is briquettes from biomass waste. In its application, the briquettes can produce carbon monoxide emissions that are harmful to human health resulting from the imperfect combustion of carbon with oxygen. The purpose of this research is investigation the carbon monoxide (CO) emission and combustion rate of the rice husk mixture with sawdust from teak wood and its effect to briquette grain size. The research methodology includes material drying, material carbonization, refining and filtering of 40 mesh (420 μm), 60 mesh (250 μm), and 100 mesh (149 μm) materials, briquette printing and pressing, and briquette drying. Further testing of carbon monoxide emissions and combustion rate on briquettes. The result of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions decreases as the grain size of the briquettes becomes increasingly coarse. Variations of mixing of rice husks and teak sawdust on a ratio of 50:50 using 40 mesh grain size resulted the lowest carbon emission (CO) of 509 ppm/ second. The more coarse about the size of the briquette grain the faster the burning rate and the faster the briquette burns out, but the resulting calorific value is still low ranging from 3,420 -4,889 cal / gr. The highest burning rate was found on rice husk briquette mixture with teak sawdust at ratio 50:50 using 40 mesh briquette grain size was 0.0138 grams/second.
Water Hyacinth (WH) is a plant that can absorb various pollutants in water. However, this plant is categorized as an invasive plant that can become a weed in the waters. To improve the functionality of WH, processing of WH is needed to be used for various applications. One of modifications of WH is as porous carbon for battery cathode composite. In this paper, we reported a synthesis of a porous carbon from WH. WH is processed into carbon by carbonization at various temperatures of 400, 500 and 600 °C with various activators of KOH, H3PO4 and ZnCl2 to obtain high quality porous carbon which has high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area and large porous volume. All synthesized carbons were characterized by proximate analysis measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N2 adsorption-desorption measurements. The highest carbon fixed content of 37.79% is obtained from charcoal with a carbonization temperature of 400 °C. The largest specific surface area of 264.77 m2/g was obtained from activated carbon with H3PO4 as activator. The values of pore volume and pore radius were 0.186 cm3/g and 1.56 nm, respectively.
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