Effect of coinitiator structure on relative initiation efficiency of two-component Eosin/coinitiator systems has been evaluated quantitatively in polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate as an example monomer. The initiation efficiency has been measured by the Fluorescence Probe Technique (FPT), using Eosin both as a photoinitiator component and as a fluorescent probe. A LED/fiber optic-based measurement system has been developed and applied in this study. It has been found that from among 17 compounds tested, the following coinitiators form most efficient photoinitiating systems in combination with Eosin, when exposed to visible light: coinitiator, relative efficiency ¼ triethanolamine, 1.0; 2,6-diisopropyl-N,N-dimethylaniline, 0.70; 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-4 0 -morpholinobutyrophenone (Irgacure 369), 0.91; carbon tetrabromide, 2.1; [4-[(2-hydroxytetradecyl)oxy]phenyl]phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate (SarCat 1012), 28. These relative efficiencies refer to the following component concentrations: [Eosin] ¼ 8.6 3 10 À4 M, (0.05% by weight); [coinitiator] ¼ 4.3 3 10 À2 M. The factors affecting the initiation efficiency of the systems studied are discussed.
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., also called the washnut, is a tropical tree of the Sapindaceae family. The plant owes its name to its cleaning and washing properties used by the local population as a natural detergent. The most important ingredients of the plant are triterpenoid saponins contained in many parts of the plant, inducing fruits, galls, or roots. The tree also contains other valuable, biologically active compounds that are obtained by extraction methods. Raw or purified extract and isolated saponins are valuable plant products that can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. This review includes the most important biological and surfactant properties of extracts and isolated saponins obtained from various parts of the plant.
The formulations of washing cosmetics i.e. shower gels, containing extracts obtained during supercritical CO 2 extraction process as active ingredient, were developed. The subject of the study was the analysis of the physicochemical and user properties of the obtained products. In the work supercritical CO 2 extracts of black currant seeds, strawberry seeds, hop cones and mint leafs were used. The formulation contains a mixture of surfactants (disodium cocoamphodiacetate, disodium laureth sulfosuccinate, cocoamide DEA, cocoamidepropyl betaine, Sodium Laureth Sulfate). Various thickener agents were applied to the obtained desired rheological properties of the cosmetics. Among others, sorbitol acetal derivatives, methylhydroxypropylcellulose and C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer were used. For stable products, the effect of extracts addition (black currants seeds, strawberries seeds, mint and hops, obtained from supercritical CO 2 extraction process) on the cosmetics properties, such as pH, viscosity, detergency and foam ability, were determined. The obtained results showed that the extracts could be used as components of shower gels.
The paper presents a literature survey of research on the biodeterioration and biodegradation of paint coatings, as well as study findings on the biodegradation of varnish coatings and agents used for their removal.
The knowledge about the sorptive character of porous materials is important during their manufacturing, checking their quality and exploitation. In the case of hydrophobized materials such characterisation may be useful not only for description of porous structure but also for measurement of their hydrophobization degree. Two grain fractions of fine dispersional limestone of grain diameter in accordance with the manufacturer's data (Limestone Mine Czatkowice) equals less than 80 µm for lime meal and 100-400 µm for lime sand were investigated. The techniques of limestone powder hydrophobization were carried out in apparatuses of own design and are described in previous works of authors (Vogt, Opaliński, Chem. Engineer.
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