Físicas;Resumen: La combinación de diversos materiales, ya sea por decisión tecnológica o casualidad, permitió la construcción y conservación de edificaciones antiguas que aún siguen en pie. Buscando replicar las características de estas construcciones, materiales como cal, puzolana, y yeso fueron seleccionados para elaborar un mortero natural y comparar sus propiedades físicas y resistencia a la compresión con las de un mortero tipo portland, con el fin, de establecer una línea base de comportamiento para aplicación en obras civiles. Se empleó una metodología de post prueba únicamente con diseño factorial experimental y grupo intacto. En todas las muestras se presentó sedimentación producida por la diferencia de tamaño de partículas y el fenómeno de exudación, ocasionando bajas resistencias en el material.Abstract: The combination of materials by technology or mere chance allowed the construction and conservation of old buildings that to this day are still standing. Looking for the reproduction of this characteristics, materials such as lime, pozzolan, and gypsum were selected for elaboration of a natural mortar for comparison of the physical properties and compressive strength versus the Portland mortar. These studies are required to establish a baseline for generating applications in different civil works. The experimental methodology included post-test only analysis with factorial design and intact group. In all the evaluated samples, sedimentation occurred due to the difference in particle size and the exudation phenomenon, causing low resistance values.
The finishing work of construction represents an aggregated value that makes the difference when a client is deciding to buy a house. The stipulated costs for plastering and detail activities for houses, in occasions, surpasses 30% of the total value of the construction work, considerable costs that require constant control and supervision both in the analysis and the execution of the construction. The implementation of the LEAN philosophy in this activity is not commonly implemented due to the lack of knowledge of the tools that this method provides. This research shows the implementation of line balancing, as a LEAN tool, in the plastering and detailing activities for two-story masonry houses, constructed in the housing project Callejas del Este which took place in the city of Cucuta, Colombia. The implementation of this tool contemplated the analysis of execution times of the work crew, the results were synthesized in tables for better interpretation and conclusions of interest were developed for the improvement of the observed processes and activities.
Three mixtures were made for conventional concrete with different additions of cement, 300 kg/m3, 350 kg/m3 and 400 kg/m3, being these the 3 designs of mixtures more used for the elaboration of simple concretes. For each of the conventional mixtures, the % of water used for mixing was varied, which constituted 60%, 65% and 70% of the weight of the cementitious material. These % were taken in gradual increase to the one traditionally used in each of the mixing designs made. The aggregates used were assigned by Transmateriales S.A, located in the city of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. The analysis of the materials of the mixtures, were carried out under the standards of the “Normas Tecnicas Colombianas” and the Tests of the “Instituto Nacional de Vías”. 40% of the concrete mix cementitious material was replaced by fly ash and hydrated lime. In order to determine the mechanical behavior of the mixtures resulting from partial addiction. The ash was collected from the thermoelectric Termotasajero S.A, located in the city of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. The hydrated lime was recovered from the municipality of Malaga located in the department of Santander, Colombia. Of the % of cementitious material replaced, 30% corresponded to lime and 70% to ash, as an experimental basis for the production of unconventional mixtures. Having the % of cementitious material to replace and the % of substitute material, 3 designs of experimental mixtures were made taking as base each one of the designs of conventional mixtures made, with equal % of water for its mixing. Twenty-seven cylinders were manufactured for the experimental mixtures and the same number for conventional mixtures, a figure that corresponded to the production of 3 specimens per % of water added in each of the established mixture designs. The compressive strength of the cylinders made in the materials resistance laboratory of the Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia was tested. It was concluded in the influence of the % of water in the mechanical resistance of the experimental mixtures and the viability of the use of this type of mixtures in the elaboration of nonstructural concretes, data of importance with which the construction costs would be reduced considerably, generating in turn, a positive environmental impact by means of the inclusion of residual materials in the concrete mixtures.
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