A rapid survey on the distribution of hornbills in Santubong National Park, Sarawak, East Malaysia, was carried out in April 2013 using point sampling technique at various locations around the park. Only the Rhinoceros hornbill, Buceros rhinoceros , was recorded, with a total of 45 independent calls and 15 observations at 10 locations around the protected area, mostly during early mornings and late evenings from 162 h of survey. Most of Rhinoceros hornbills were observed in pairs (73 %), while a single observation recorded at least ten individuals at a location. Additionally, local communities were interviewed to collect information on the occurrence, status, ecology and perception on Hornbill conservation in Santubong National Park. A standard questionnaire was designed to meet the purpose of this study. This survey was conducted on local communities from fi ve local villages around Santubong National Park, local and international tourist visiting touristic areas in Santubong peninsula. In general the awareness on the conservation needs and status of the hornbill is high suggesting that the communities are interested and supportive of conservation related activities. Based on the socio-economic and ecological survey, the surrounding habitat of this protected area need to be protected through park extension that will increase connectivity between nearby forest patches which in turn may ensure the long term viability of the Rhinoceros hornbill in Santubong National Park.
Crocodiles have caused a relatively high number of fatalities towards local people in Sarawak, a Malaysian state in Borneo. However, they have important cultural values and are well respected by the riverine communities in the state. The objective of this study is to determine the patterns of human-crocodile conflict in Sarawak which could help in managing the problems between crocodile and human. Information on crocodile attacks were collected from multiple sources including records kept by local authority, media or CrocBITE database. Over a 21 years period (year 2000-2020), the record attacks (n=164) showed a balance between fatal and non-fatal cases. Most common victims in Sarawak were male (86.6%) and adults from the age of 31 to 40 years old (20.7%). The attacks occurred more during the daylight (59.4%), with the peak time for crocodile attacks was approximately between 1800 to 2359 hours (33.3%). Crocodile attacks occur slightly more during the wet season, from October to March (54.0%), with the highest one recorded in March (16.8%). Fishing (26.2%) and bathing (22.0%) in the rivers possess the highest risk of crocodile attack, suggesting that crocodiles are more likely to attack when the victim is in the water. The findings imply that crocodiles' attack pattern in Sarawak is associated with the people’s activities pattern. There is a need to update the database on crocodile attacks in Sarawak on -real time basis as this will facilitate the relevant agencies in formulating the strategies to reduce the number of crocodile attacks and ensuring the safety of the riverine communities.
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