Interlateral performance asymmetry in upright balance control was evaluated in this investigation by comparing unipedal stance on the right versus the left leg. Participants were healthy young adults, hand-foot congruent preference for the right body side. Balance performance was evaluated in unperturbed quiet stance and in the recovery of balance stability following a mechanical perturbation induced by unexpected load release. Evaluation was made under availability of full sensory information, and under deprivation of vision combined with distortion of sensory inputs from the feet soles. Results from perturbed posture revealed that muscular response latency and postural sway were symmetric between the legs. Unipedal stance was more stable when the body was supported on the right as compared with the left leg. No interaction was found between leg and sensory condition. Our findings are interpreted as resulting from specialization of the sensorimotor system controlling the right leg for continuous low-magnitude postural adjustments, while corrections to large-scale stance sway are symmetrically controlled between body sides.
Poor adhesion continues to be a problem for manufacturers of laminated packaging. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the effect of flame treatment, the type of coating, and starch application on the adhesion force of polyethylene/paperboard. The force of adhesion was determined using the peel test method; the paper surface energy was assessed by contact angle analysis; and paperboard roughness was determined by profilometer. The flame treatment did not affect the surface roughness but significantly increased the paperboard surface energy. The paperboard coated with polar latex showed much higher surface energy than the paperboard coated with nonpolar latex. The adhesion force of polyethylene presented a linear correlation to the surface energy of the paperboard. Therefore, the surface energy of paperboard is an excellent indication of its adhesion force to polyethylene, and this represents a very reliable and practical method in terms of quality control in the paper industry for producing laminated packages.
Chemical reactions occur between inorganic compounds and wood chips during the cooking step of the Kraft process. White liquor, which in this process is composed of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S), is mixed with wood chips in the digester in order to dissolve the lignin and produce wood pulp. However, other compounds are formed during the course of the chemical reactions. These compounds are volatile and malodorous due to the combination of the sulfur in white liquor and the carbon chains in lignin. This combination creates total reduced sulfur (TRS) compounds, which are malodorous gases responsible for the distinctive odor of the Kraft pulping process. This paper discusses the chemical composition of the wood species that contribute to these gas emissions. Gases are also released in other stages of the process, e.g., from the woodchips stored in the woodyard for factories that use only long pine fiber, from the digester, pulp washing filters, and from white, black and green liquor storage tanks. One way to reduce TRS emissions is through continuous attention to and correction of the pH levels of liquors containing sulfide ions.
Special cartonboards requires restricted raw materials specifications. Klabin's Paper Machine 09 produces some of the best cartonboards of the world, and the requirements for this are quite narrow. Freeness is the most important variable for pulp stock preparation. Thinking at this, a MPC control was developed to refining control.
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