The production system model that has been adopted in most Brazilian regions, the soybean/second corn crop succession, has led to problems in water and soil conservation and favorable conditions for diseases, pests, and weeds in the agricultural system and, consequently, increasing its energy use. Crop rotation is an alternative to this production model, directly interfering with the problematic aspects of the crop succession system and, consequently, its energy balance. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the crop rotation system with the best energy balance and efficiency. The data on the quantity of inputs (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and fuel), labor, and grain yield used in the study were collected from a crop rotation experiment conducted at the experimental station of the Rural Development Institute of Paraná - IAPAR-EMATER, Londrina, PR, Brazil, from 2014 to 2020. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of T1 (second corn crop/soybean), T2 (white oat/soybean, triticale/corn, and wheat/soybean), T3 (rye + black oat/soybean, black oat + fodder radish/corn, and congo grass/soybean), T4 (canola/corn, crambe/corn; canola/soybean); T5 (buckwheat-fodder radish/corn, bean/soybean, and buckwheat-white oat/ soybean), and T6 (wheat/corn, canola/corn + congo grass, and bean/soybean). The different crop rotations and the traditional second corn crop/soybean system provided positive energy balance and efficiency, that is, they produced more energy than they consumed. The canola/corn, crambe/corn, and canola/soybean rotation systems had the highest energy balance and efficiency, with values of 866,442.27 MJ ha−1 and 10.27, respectively, mainly due to corn cultivation in the summer, which resulted in a higher energy return than the other grain-producing crops.
The knowledge of the impacts of the management practices used in each agricultural production system on the ecological interactions between commercial crops and weed populations can assist in the development of specific and sustainable integrated management strategies. This study aimed to assess weed communities in soybean in succession to second-crop corn and production systems with crop diversification in Northern Paraná State. The study was conducted during three agricultural years (2014/2017). Six treatments were setup: 1 – corn/soybean, corn/soybean, and corn/soybean), 2 – white oat/soybean, rye/corn, and wheat/soybean, 3 – oat + rye/soybean, oat + radish/corn, and congo grass/soybean, 4 – canola/corn, crambe/corn, and safflower/soybean, 5 – buckwheat/ radish/corn, bean/soybean, and buckwheat/oat/soybean, and 6 – wheat/corn + congo grass, canola/corn, and bean/soybean. The relative importance value index of each weed species and the soil cover (soil, straw, and weeds) were assessed. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replications of 300 m2 (20 × 15 m). The production systems white oat/soybean, rye/corn, and wheat/soybean; buckwheat/radish/corn, bean/soybean, buckwheat/oat/soybean; and wheat/corn+congo grass, canola/corn, bean/soybean had a suppressive effect on the species Commelina benghalensis. Euphorbia heterophylla and Digitaria horizontalis were the species most adapted to the assessed production systems. Seeds remaining from crambe and radish cultivations became volunteer plants in subsequent cultivations.
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