Commercially pure (CP) Ti (Grade 2 with chemical composition 0.190 wt pct O, 0.0165 wt pct N, 0.0030 wt pct C, and 0.013 wt pct Fe) was cryomilled in liquid argon and liquid nitrogen for 8 hours. The influence of the milling environment on the chemistry, grain size, and grainboundary structure of CP-Ti was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and chemical analysis. The results show that the final average grain size obtained after 8 hours of cryomilling was~20 nm, for both liquid nitrogen and liquid argon cryomilling environments. Grains were observed to be heavily deformed and they did not reveal well-defined boundaries between them. Liquid nitrogen and liquid argon cryomilling environments led to differences in the final powder chemistry. Cryomilling in liquid nitrogen resulted in Ti powders with~2 wt pct nitrogen, which caused embrittlement that in turn affected the mechanical behavior of the consolidated materials. Cryomilling in liquid argon resulted in powders with slightly higher oxygen levels than those from liquid nitrogen experiments; this was attributed to the use of stearic acid (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOH) as a process control agent (PCA). The cryomilled powders, in the form of various compositional blends from the argon and nitrogen milling experiments, were subsequently consolidated via quasi-isostatic (QI) forging, for mechanical behavior studies. The mechanical testing results showed that the QI-forged 85 pct as-received +15 pct liquid-argon-cryomilled powder blend exhibited~30 pct elongation to fracture, with a yield strength (YS) of 601 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 711 MPa. In the case of 100 pct liquid-argon-cryomilled and QI-forged material, the YS, UTS, and elongation values were 947 and 995 MPa and 4.32 pct, respectively. The mechanical behavior was discussed in terms of the operative microstructure mechanisms. The enhanced ductility noted in the blended powders was discussed in terms of the presence of a bimodal microstructure.
Cryomilled nanocrystalline commercially pure (CP)-Ti powders were spark plasma sintered (SPS) using different process parameters (heating rate, temperature, pressure, and dwell time) to study densification, microstructure, and mechanical behavior. The results were rationalized on the basis of the relevant literature and experimental results, and they reveal a strong dependence on SPS parameters. An interesting finding was that the measured high ductility was accompanied by a moderate strength (yield strength [YS] = 770 MPa, ultimate tensile strength [UTS] = 840 MPa with~27 pct elongation to failure). The combinations of microstructure and mechanical response were attributed to the multistep processing at different temperature ranges as well as to the presence of interstitial solutes.
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