Aim of study: The globally invasive gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 (Cynipidae: Cynipini), reached Spain seven years ago and is already regarded as an important pest of chestnuts (Castanea spp.) in this country as well as worldwide. In this paper, we present comprehensive data on the establishment in Spain of Torymus sinensis Kamijo, 1982 (Chalcidoidea: Torymidae), an effective non-native natural enemy of this pest, as a result of both natural dispersal and settlement after controlled releases since 2015.Area of study: Sites of the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia, Asturias, Basque Country, Catalonia, Andalusia and Madrid where D. kuriphilus is present.Material and methods: To study the natural dispersal of T. sinensis from France, we selected two sampling sites in Catalonia, six in the Basque Country and two in Navarra known for their heavy Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW) infestation; to study T. sinensis establishment after authorized controlled releases by the concerned authorities, the field samplings were done mainly in Galicia (35 sites) and Andalusia (8 sites). Additionally an experimental release study was made in Madrid.Main Results: Our results showed that T. sinensis has spread throughout Spain by natural dispersal across the French border and now occurs in Catalonia (two sites), the Basque Country (three sites) and Navarra (one site) but not in the neighbouring region of Cantabria. The percentage of parasitism by T. sinensis on D. kuriphilus is higher in the Basque Country sites, which are close to the French border, thus indicating that its establishment in these localities is not recent. After controlled releases, T. sinensis has been successfully established in five release sites in Andalusia (Valle del Genal and Sierra Blanca, Málaga Province) and one release site in Madrid. However, in the region of Galicia (NW Spain), where the number of authorized releases has been higher, the establishment of T. sinensis still appears to be very low.Research highlights: Established populations of T. sinensis may exert a positive buffer against D. kuriphilus-driven chestnut infestation in Spain, similar to what is observed in other invaded European countries.Additional Keywords: Controlled releases, Torymidae, invasive species, Cynipidae, natural spread, biological control.Abbreviations used: Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW); Torymus sinensis parasitism rate (TsPR); mean of ACGW larval chambers per gall (MACGW).
RESUMEN. Contribución al conocimiento de la flora del Parque Natural de las sierras Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama (Málaga-Granada, España). Se ha realizado un estudio sobre la diversidad vegetal de las sierras Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama. Se han identificado cerca de 10.000 pliegos depositados en el Herbario MGC de la Universidad de Málaga, recolectados, la mayoría de ellos, durante los años 2003 y 2004. Se citan 1.176 especies y subespecies, indicando para cada una de ellas provincia, término municipal y UTM. Se señalan las especies amenazadas según criterios UICN y Junta de Andalucía.Palabras clave. Flora, especies amenazadas, Sierra Tejeda, Sierra de Alhama, Sierra Almijara, Málaga, Granada, España.SUMMARY. Contribution to the flora of the Natural Park of Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama mountain ranges (Malaga-Granada, Spain). A survey on the flora diversity in the Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama mountain ranges has been carried out. About 10.000 herbarium sheets have been identified and kept in the MGC (Herbarium of the University of Malaga). In most cases the specimens were collected during the years 2003 and 2004. 1.176 taxa (species and subspecies) are cited and some data such as province, municipality and UTM are given for every one. Endangered species are pointed out, following the UICN and Andalusia Government criteria.Key words. Flora, endangered species, Sierra Tejeda, Sierra de Alhama, Sierra Almijara, Malaga, Granada, Spain.
RESUMEN. Vegetación del Parque Natural de las Sierras Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama (Málaga- Granada, Andalucía, España). Se ha realizado un estudio florístico, fitocenológico y fitogeográfico del territorio comprendido en el Parque Natural. Bioclimáticamente aparecen los pisos termo, meso (el más extenso), supra y oromediterráneo con ombrotipos seco, subhúmedo y húmedo. Se propone una sectorización fitogeográfica a un nivel inferior al de sector, con cinco unidades: unidad Tejedense (Sierra Tejeda) la más occidental y diversa, unidad Jayenense (área de Jayena) con influencias ibérico- orientales, Almijarense (Sierra Almijara) la más representativa, Nerjeña (Sierra de Nerja) con influencia alpujarreña, y Cazulense (Sierra de Cázulas) la más oriental. El territorio presenta una gran diversidad de asociaciones y comunidades (126), algunas de ellas novedades sintaxonómicas, destacando Genistetalia haenseleri-ramosissimae ordo novus. Se han catalogado 23 series de vegetación. 9 de tipo climatófilo, caracterizadas por planifolios (Quercus rotundifolia, Q.suber, Q. pyrenaica y Acer granatensis), por gimnospermas (Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica, J. sabina) o por arbustos sabanoides relictos (Maytenus senegalensis). 7 edafohidrófilas (caracterizadas respectivamente por Salix pedicellata, Salix eleagnos, Salix atrocinerea, Salix alba y Nerium oleander). Existe un complejo edafogénico de vegetación hidrófila (Erica erigena, E. terminalis, Schoenus nigricans). La vegetación permanente y edafoxerófila corresponde a 3 comunidades (caracterizadas por Buxus balearica, Pinus halepensis, Juniperus phoenicea o Pistacia lentiscus) y 3 series (de B. balearica, y de J. phoenicea con Pinus pinaster o con P. nigra subsp. salzmanii). Se aportan el esquema sintaxonómico, los inventarios y/o tablas fitosociológicas de novedades, un cuadro de series y un mapa fitogeográfico.Palabras clave. Vegetación, fitosociología, fitogeografía, Sierra Tejeda, Sierra Almijara, Málaga, Granada, Andalucía, España.SUMMARY. Vegetation of the Natural Park "Sierras de Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama" (Malaga- Granada, Spain). The Natural Park is located in the south of Andalusia, nearby Mediterranean Sea, between Malaga and Granada provinces and comprises several dolomitic mountain ranges. Bioclimatic belts termo, meso (the widest), supra and oromediterraean have been found. Dry, subhumid and humid ombrotypes change respectively towards the summit of the ranges. A phytogeographical scheme is proposed to a lower level of subsector: Tejedense unit (Sierra Tejeda) the western most and diverse, Jayenense unit (Jayena area) shows strong eastern-iberian relationships, Almijarense unit (Sierra Almijara) the most representative, Nerjeña unit (Sierra de Nerja) shows relationships to Alpujarreño subsector, Cazulense unit (Sierra de Cázulas) is the eastern most. Regarding vegetation, the Park shows a great diversity of associations and communities (126), some of them considered as new syntaxa, emphasizing Genistetalia haenseleri-ramosissimae ordo novus. 23 vegetation series have been found: 9 climatic series, 7 characterised by broad-leaved trees (Quercus rotundifolia, Q.suber, Q. pyrenaica and Acer granatensis), 1 by gymnosperms (Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica, J. sabina) and 1 by relict savanna-like shrubs (Maytenus senegalensis); 7 series are edaphic river- linked series (characterised respectively by Salix pedicellata, Salix eleagnos, Salix atrocinerea, Salix alba and Nerium oleander). We have also found mosaics complexes of hydrophilic vegetation (Erica erigena, E. terminalis, Schoenus nigricans). Soil-xeric permanent vegetation corresponds to 3 communities (characterised by Buxus balearica, Pinus halepensis, Juniperus phoenicea or Pistacia lentiscus) and 3 series (one dominated by B. balearica, and two for J. phoenicea with Pinus pinaster or P. nigra subsp. salzmanii). A syntaxonomical scheme, typus relevés, phytosociological tables, series and zono-potential tables and a phytogeographical map are also included.Key words. vegetation, phytosociology, phytogeography, Sierra Tejeda, Sierra Almijara, Malaga, Granada, Andalusia, Spain.
A new species of Nevrorthus (Insecta, Neuropterida: Nevrorthidae) has been found in the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Malaga): N. reconditus Monserrat & Gavira n. sp. This new species represents the first record of this genus and this family in the Westernmost Mediterranean basin. A key to the known species of this genus is provided.
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