The use of unconventional sources is very relevant in the food area. In the present study the development of active films with the addition of bioextract (BE) or microencapsulated bioextract (MBE) from xoconostle (Opuntia oligacantha) on chayotextle starch was investigated. The film formulations were: 4 g of chayotextle starch, 2 g of glycerol and 180 g of water, three films with BE added (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g) and three films with MBE added (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g). Total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH), Salmonella typhimurium inhibition, color and mechanical properties of the films were analyzed. The film with 1.2 g of MBE showed high concentration of total phenols (54.12 ± 0.77 mg EAG/100 g), total flavonoids (16.65 ± 0.10 mg QE/100 g) and antioxidant activity (29.11 ± 0.48 and 41.42 ± 1.81 mg EAA for ABTS and DPPH respectively). The addition of bioextract from xoconostle is an option for the development of active films with antioxidant properties.

ABSTRACT:The objective was to evaluate the effect of different levels of selenium with two levels of grain corn in the diets on ruminal, postruminal, and total tract digestion of nutrients, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and selenium balance in lambs. A split-plot design was used in four periods with repeated Latin square using eight Suffolk × Dorset male lambs with four levels of selenium (sodium selenite, Na 2 SeO 3 ), without adding selenium, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg of selenium/kg dry matter (DM) with 70 and 50% of corn grain in the diet. The four selenium levels affected organic matter as follows: starch, neutral detergent fibre, nitrogen and selenium excretion; selenium ruminal digestion; organic matter, neutral detergent fibre, nitrogen and selenium postruminal digestion; and organic matter, neutral detergent fibre, nitrogen and selenium total tract digestion (P < 0.05). Starch and organic matter flow decreased with 0.6 and 0.9 mg of selenium with the 70% grain diet (P < 0.05). Selenium flow increased linearly with selenium levels (P < 0.01) with both levels of grain. Selenium supplementation increased linearly selenium concentration in ruminal fluid (P < 0.01), but did not affect other ruminal characteristics. Also, selenium absorption and retention was increased by selenium concentrations (P < 0.01). The apparent absorption of selenium increased (31%, P < 0.01) with the 70% grain diet. In conclusion, the high content of nonstructural carbohydrates improved the availability of selenium and 0.9 mg of selenium/kg DM improved the absorption and availability of selenium.

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Oilseed supplementation is a strategy to improve milk production and milk composition in dairy cows; however, the response to this approach is inconsistent. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oilseed supplementation on milk production and milk composition in dairy cows via a meta-analysis and meta-regression. A comprehensive and structured search was performed using the following electronic databases: Google Scholar, Primo-UAEH and PubMed. The response variables were: milk yield (MY), atherogenic index (AI), Σ omega-3 PUFA, Σ omega-6 PUFA, fat, protein, lactose, linoleic acid (LA), linolenic acid (LNA), oleic acid (OA), vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents. The explanatory variables were breed, lactation stage (first, second, and third), oilseed type (linseed, soybean, rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower), way (whole, extruded, ground, and roasted), dietary inclusion level, difference of the LA, LNA, OA, forage and NDF of supplemented and control rations, washout period and experimental design. A meta-analysis was performed with the “meta” package of the statistical program R. A meta-regression analysis was applied to explore the sources of heretogeneity. The inclusion of oilseeds in dairy cow rations had a positive effect on CLA (+0.27 g 100 g−1 fatty acids (FA); p < 0.0001), VA (+1.03 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001), OA (+3.44 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001), LNA (+0.28 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001) and UFA (+8.32 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001), and negative effects on AI (−1.01; p < 0.0001), SFA (−6.51; p < 0.0001), fat milk (−0.11%; p < 0.001) and protein milk (−0.04%; p < 0.007). Fat content was affected by animal breed, lactation stage, type and processing of oilseed and dietary NDF and LA contents. CLA, LA, OA and UFA, desirable FA milk components, were affected by type, processing, and the intake of oilseed; additionally, the concentrations of CLA and VA are affected by washout and design. Oilseed supplementation in dairy cow rations has a positive effect on desirable milk components for human consumption. However, animal response to oilseed supplementation depends on explanatory variables related to experimental design, animal characteristics and the type of oilseed.

Palabras clave: metano, desechos orgánicos, producción de gas, bioenergía, residuos vegetales RESUMEN La creciente demanda de alimentos en áreas urbanas genera cada vez mayor cantidad de desperdicios orgánicos, incluyendo residuos vegetales. El manejo de estos residuos vegetales causa emisiones de gases efecto invernadero (GEI) por su recolección, transporte, y depósito en vertederos. Para identificar su potencial de GEI, en un mercado de alimentos se recolectaron residuos de hojas de lechuga (LS), de col (BOV), de coliflor (BOB), de maíz (HZM), de espinaca (SO) y de nopal (OF), se fermentaron in vitro usando líquido ruminal como inóculo y se compararon con heno de avena (AS), heno de alfalfa (AH) y ensilado de maíz (EZM), forrajes utilizados con frecuencia en la alimentación de rumiantes. Las variables fueron degradación in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), pH, cinética de producción de gas y concentración de metano (CH4). La fermentación se realizó durante 96 h a 39 ºC y las muestras de gas para medir la concentración de CH4 se tomaron a 9, 12, 24, 34 y 48 h de incubación. La DIVMS de LS, BOV, BOB, HZM y OF fue 12.8 % mayor a AS, AH y EZM. Entre las 9 y 12 h de incubación la emisión de CH4 a partir de BOV, BOB and HZM fue 44.8 % superior a los tres forrajes. La principal conclusión es que estos residuos vegetales son degradados adecuadamente por los microorganismos ruminales y, por lo tanto, se pueden usar para la producción de biogás en áreas urbanas para disminuir su depósito en vertederos.Key words: methane, organic wastes, gas production, bioenergy, vegetable residues ABSTRACTThe growing demand for food in urban areas generates an increasing amount of organic wastes, including vegetable residues. The management of these wastes can lead to greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) through its process, including collection, transportation, Rev. Int.