Dissolved
oxygen in water bodies is a property of major importance
for sustaining aquatic life in watersheds. Because of the increasing
pollution discharges in watersheds around the world, there has been
a consistent reduction in the levels of dissolved oxygen. Self-rotating
discs “SRD” are low-cost devices that can increase the
level of dissolved oxygen in watersheds. The design of SRD systems
involves the determination of the number of rows of discs, spacing
between discs, and flow rate to be treated. In this paper, a general
optimization framework is presented to determine the optimal design
of a distributed treatment system to increase the dissolved oxygen
in the watersheds based on self-rotating devices. A material flow
analysis model is coupled with the performance functions of the SRD.
The optimization model is aimed at selecting the tributaries that
require treatment, determining the flow rate to be treated, and designing
the number and spacing of the SRD. The methodology is applied to a
case study corresponding to the Bahr El-Baqar watershed in Egypt.
The results are displayed through Pareto optimal solutions that trade
off the economic and environmental objectives.
This paper presents a multiperiod optimization approach to the cost-effective reduction of the negative impact caused by discharging industrial effluents into watersheds. The model considers all discharges and extractions, as well as the chemical reactions carried out in the watershed, while accounting for the seasonal variability of the system through the year. The proposed model is based on a material flow analysis applied to a distributed treatment system for industrial effluents in a macroscopic water system. The problem is formulated as a multiobjective optimization model with the objectives of simultaneously minimizing the pollutant concentrations in the final catchment areas and the total annual cost of the wastetreatment units. The model selects the place to locate the treatment units and the type of treatment technology, as well as the industrial effluents treated in each period of the year, to satisfy the environmental regulations. Two case studies are presented to show the applicability of the proposed optimization approach: one is the Bahr El-Baqar drain in Egypt and the other one is the Balsas watershed in Mexico.
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