En México, las denominadas áreas naturales protegidas han enfrentado retos en común para lograr sus objetivos de conservación. Los conflictos resultantes desde el decreto y posterior implementación y gestión a lo largo del tiempo reclaman mayor participación de las comunidades. Con el objetivo de conocer la problemática que surge de la gestión de las áreas naturales protegidas en relación con la participación social en América Latina y con las medidas para incentivarla en favor de la conservación, se realizó una revisión sistemática de 30 documentos científicos en las bases de datos multidisciplinarias de Web of Science. Se encontró que los problemas prioritarios son la limitada participación de las comunidades locales en la toma de decisiones y escasas oportunidades referentes a otras alternativas económicas y factores políticos. Los trabajos analizados exponen la exclusión que dichas comunidades han sufrido en los procesos de toma de decisiones y gestión, así como las pocas iniciativas que hay en las áreas naturales protegidas que permitan su participación. No se encontraron medidas relevantes para incentivar la participación comunitaria, salvo proyectos de ecoturismo y propuestas de cambios en los planes de manejo para considerar los aspectos bioculturales.
The protection of biocultural heritage has generated alternative proposals for the conservation of rural areas. Varied organizations collaborate in a pioneering conservation model, the Biocultural Landscape (BL), where local participation is paramount, that operates in the Western Sierra of Jalisco. The objective of this work was to analyze social participation, conditions, and characteristics of the model based on the WWF and IUCN guidelines. Information about the context, management, and planning was collected and synthesized. The data of territorial management, conservation, knowledge, and local conflicts about participatory processes were collected from 12 stakeholders and analyzed with ATLAS.ti software. It was found that, although local people are familiar with the concept of the protected natural area and the BL model, they cannot clearly identify its objective. The most informed are the interested population that collaborates closely. There are conflicts of interest between those who collaborate directly with the BL and those who do not, which have been resolved through the active participation of the different levels of government and experts who have intervened as mediators. Environmental awareness about the importance of conservation has been achieved by integrating the communities. Given that it is not a restrictive protection model and the rules were created in conjunction with the community, local participation is encouraged.
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