This study focuses on the descendants of the royal Inka family. The Inkas ruled Tawantinsuyu, the largest pre-Columbian empire in South America, which extended from southern Colombia to central Chile. The origin of the royal Inkas is currently unknown. While the mummies of the Inka rulers could have been informative, most were destroyed by Spaniards and the few remaining disappeared without a trace. Moreover, no genetic studies have been conducted on present-day descendants of the Inka rulers. In the present study, we analysed uniparental DNA markers in 18 individuals predominantly from the districts of San Sebastian and San Jerónimo in Cusco (Peru), who belong to 12 families of putative patrilineal descent of Inka rulers, according to documented registries. We used single-nucleotide polymorphisms and short tandem repeat (STR) markers of the Y chromosome (Y-STRs), as well as mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences, to investigate the paternal and maternal descent of the 18 alleged Inka descendants. Two Q-M3* Y-STR clusters descending from different male founders were identified. The first cluster, named AWKI-1, was associated with five families (eight individuals). By contrast, the second cluster, named AWKI-2, was represented by a single individual; AWKI-2 was part of the Q-Z19483 sub-lineage that was likely associated with a recent male expansion in the Andes, which probably occurred during the Late Intermediate Period (1000–1450 AD), overlapping the Inka period. Concerning the maternal descent, different mtDNA lineages associated with each family were identified, suggesting a high maternal gene flow among Andean populations, probably due to changes in the last 1000 years.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00438-018-1427-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.

No abstract

No abstract

Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to reveal changes in the protein pattern of porcine and bovine ovarian follicular fluid at different maturational stages. Separate pools were made of follicles with a diameter of 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10 and greater than 11 mm excluding hemorrhagic and cystic follicles. Prior to electrophoresis, estradiol-17 beta and androstenedione were analyzed to define the atresic or healthy state of the follicular. Glucose and total protein content of follicles fluid were determined to assess follicular metabolism. Densitometric analysis of both pig and cow follicular fluids from 3-4 mm follicles revealed a distinct band which was absent in other follicle sizes. On the other hand the protein pattern of follicular fluid of cow and pig showed differences in zones of molecular weight higher than 150,000 and lower than 30,000 dalton. This study suggests the possible existence of a common protein to both species which determines the follicle destiny towards ovulation or atresia.

Objetivos. Determinar las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas del gen APOE en una muestra poblacional peruana. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico en 189 trabajadores voluntarios, aparentemente sanos, del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas en Lima, Perú, divididos en cinco grupos según departamento de origen y ascendencia en dos generaciones. El ADN genómico fue amplificado mediante PCR-RFLP. Se realizó la detección de los fragmentos resultantes por electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida al 12 %. Resultados. El alelo Ɛ3 es el más frecuente en todos los grupos (93,9 %), con bajas frecuencias de los alelos Ɛ4 (5 %) y Ɛ2 (1,1 %). El análisis de heterocigosidad (H) en cada grupo muestra una diversidad intermedia entre 10 y 20 %. Las diversidades genéticas poblacional (Ht) e intrapoblacional (Hs), son 14,4 y 14,3 % respectivamente, sugiriendo proximidad genética entre los grupos estudiados para el polimorfismo ApoE. Conclusiones. Las frecuencias alélicas del gen ApoE encontradas muestra que el alelo Ɛ3 tiene una de las frecuencias más altas y, el alelo Ɛ4, una de las más bajas respecto a otros grupos poblacionales del mundo, con posibles implicancias en el riesgo para enfermedades neurológicas, cardiovasculares y otras en nuestro país.

No abstract

ResumenObjetivos: Evaluar la diversidad genético molecular de cepas nativas aisladas de B. thuringiensis tóxicas contra Aedes aegypti, vector del dengue. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, analítico. Institución: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM. Material biológico: Cepas nativas y estándar de B. thuringiensis. Intervenciones: Se extrajo el ADN genómico de 53 cepas nativas y 10 cepas estándar de B. thuringiensis aisladas del suelo de distintas regiones geográficas del Perú. Para el análisis de diversidad, se evaluó secuencias repetitivas de ADN mediante la técnica REP-PCR, siendo visualizados en geles de agarosa teñidos con bromuro de etidio. Se hizo el análisis de clúster con el dendograma de similaridad de cepas estándares y nativas de B. thuringiensis, utilizando programas bioinformáticos. Principales medidas de resultados: Diversidad evaluada mediante los perfiles genéticos (bandas de ADN repetitivas) en geles de agarosa y dendograma de cepas B. thuringiensis. Resultados: Las cepas procedentes de Junín, Huaral, Ica, Cusco, Arequipa y Cajamarca tendieron a formar grupos según procedencia, destacándose dos caracterizadas como potencialmente tóxicas contra Aedes aegypti (de Ica y de Cajamarca), formando un subgrupo con cepas estándar tóxicas HD-968 y GM 33. Conclusiones: Se observa gran diversidad de cepas nativas de B. thuringiensis procedentes de diferentes lugares del país, con cierta tendencia a formar subgrupos según procedencia geográfica y en relación de similaridad con las cepas B. thuringiensis estándares, algunas con potencial para ser utilizadas contra Aedes aegypti, vector del virus del dengue. Palabras clave: Bacillus thuringiensis, variación (genética), genes bacterianos, virus del dengue. Abstract Objectives: To determine the molecular genetic diversity of native B. thuringiensis strains toxic against Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue. Design: Descriptive, analytical study. Setting: Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, San Marcos University, Lima, Peru. Participants: Native and standard strains of B. thuringiensis. Interventions: Extraction of B. thuringiensis genomic DNA from 53 native strains and 10 standard strains isolated from different Peruvian regions soil samples. Diversity was determined by repetitive DNA sequences using REP-PCR technique, visualized in agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide. B. thuringiensis standard and native strains cluster analysis was performed by dendrogram of similarity using bioinformatic programs. Main outcome measures: Diversity of B. thuringiensis strains. Results: Strains from Junin, Huaral, Ica, Cusco, Arequipa, and Cajamarca tended to form groups according to source, highlighting two strains characterized as potentially toxic against Aedes aegypti (Ica and Cajamarca), and outlining a subgroup or cluster with toxic standard strains HD-968 and GM 33. Conclusions: A great diversity of B. thuringiensis native strains coming from different regions of the country have a tendency to form sub-gr...

No abstract