Introduction Racial discrimination has been identified as a risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among racial/ethnic minority groups; however, there is no synthesis of current knowledge on the association between discrimination and cardiometabolic diseases. The objective of this systematic review was to summarize evidence linking racial/ethnic discrimination and cardiometabolic diseases. Methods The review was conducted based on studies identified via electronic searches of 5 databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, WorldWideScience.org, ResearchGate and Microsoft Academic) using terms related to discrimination and cardiometabolic disease. Results Of the 123 eligible studies included in the review, 87 were cross-sectional, 25 longitudinal, 8 quasi-experimental, 2 randomized controlled trials and 1 case–control. Cardiometabolic disease outcomes discussed were hypertension ( n = 46), cardiovascular disease ( n = 40), obesity ( n = 12), diabetes ( n = 11), metabolic syndrome ( n = 9), and chronic kidney disease ( n = 5). Although a variety of discrimination measures was employed across the studies, the Everyday Discrimination Scale was used most often (32.5%). African Americans/Blacks were the most frequently studied racial/ethnic group (53.1%), and American Indians the least (0.02%). Significant associations between racial/ethnic discrimination and cardiometabolic disease were found in 73.2% of the studies. Discussion Racial/ethnic discrimination is positively associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease and higher levels of cardiometabolic biomarkers. Identifying racial/ethnic discrimination as a potential key contributor to the health inequities associated with cardiometabolic diseases is important for addressing the significant burden borne by racial/ethnic minorities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40615-023-01561-1.
INTRODUCTIONAssociations between exposure to nature and positive mental health outcomes have been established. Although the Internet is a popular source of accessing mental health information, little is known about the readability of such online information. Thus, the goal of this study was to assess the readability of online information regarding the association between exposure to nature and mental health. METHODS A search of webpages was conducted using the following search terms: 'mental health and urban greening', 'stress and urban greening', 'mental health and nature', 'stress and nature', 'mental health and outdoors', and 'stress and outdoors'. Readability of the 255 webpages identified was determined by the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level measure. RESULTS On average, webpage content was written at an 11th grade reading level (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level mean=11.95, SD=2.68), and fewer than 2% of webpages met readability guidelines (i.e. ≤6th grade reading level). CONCLUSIONS Most online content related to nature and mental health should be written at a more appropriate level for general audiences. Web content developers should prioritize adherence to readability guidelines.
<b>Background:</b> Health care providers’ (HCP) advice for lifestyle modification is critical in the management and treatment of hypertension among adults. However, recent examination of the differences in receiving advice for lifestyle modification from HCP to adults with hypertension (HTN) by sociodemographic characteristics is limited.<br /> <b>Materials and methods:</b> Data were obtained from the 2017-2018 national health and nutrition examination survey (n=1,524; representing 57 million Americans). HCP advice on lifestyle modification was defined in four categories (advice to control/lose weight, exercise, reduce salt in diet, and reduce fat/calories). Sociodemographic differences by HCP advice were evaluated using weighted adjusted logistic regression models for each outcome.<br /> <b>Results:</b> Among the sample of adults with HTN, 42.3% received HCP advice to lose weight, 59% received advice to exercise, 49.2% received advice to reduce salt, and 46.4% received advice to reduce calories. Black (vs. White) adults with HTN had about twice and thrice higher odds of receiving HCP advice to exercise and reduce salt, respectively (95% CI: 1.12-2.51, 1.73-3.81). Adults aged 40-64 (vs. aged 18-39) had twice higher odds of receiving advice to lose weight (95% CI: 1.25-4.10). Adults who had no health insurance coverage (vs. those with health insurance coverage) had lower odds of receiving HCP advice to reduce calories/fat (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.96).<br /> <b>Conclusion:</b> HCPs are generally not advising lifestyle modification for the U.S. adults with HTN, and the likelihood of receiving advice differs by sociodemographic characteristics. HTN treatment and control strategies should prioritize HCP increasing lifestyle modification advice and equity in care for the U.S. adults.
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