Fishery policy formation is a multilateral political process that typically involves conflicting attitudes towards management, and opposing interests among resource users. As fisheries resources continue to decline, conflict between and within fishing sectors will grow. The challenge for fisheries policy makers is to ensure fisheries resources are evenly allocated among the stakeholders whilst managing resources in a sustainable manner. Australian fisheries management has been revolutionized by the introduction of Integrated Fisheries Management (IFM), which is based on a systematic approach involving the inclusion of all sectors in the management process. This approach means determining the total amount of fish that can be harvested from a fishery and then adopting management strategies for allocating explicit catch shares between the competing sectors. The recent increased burden on fisheries stocks, caused by higher recreational user participation, has forced policy makers to make large changes relating to the allocation of resources. Policy makers in Western Australia, aware of conflict developing between users of the abalone resource, developed a unique management system based on resource sharing. By integrating the recreational sector in the overall management process, the primary objective of the new agenda is to decrease conflict between competing users and develop a management system without partisanship.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to draw lessons for developing community‐university partnerships from experiences in promoting coastal education for sustainable development (ESD).Design/methodology/approachQualitative data collected from two coastal community outreach projects were analyzed.FindingsThe outreach projects improved the relationship between university and community members. It is important to conduct interviews at the early stages of the projects to understand the needs of the community and set project outcomes to meet community‐defined priorities. The most effective means for promoting an ESD program based upon community‐university partnerships is to reach out to and network with local individuals who have been active in community projects and embed the program concept into the activities of those individuals. Mediators who link the academic community with the local community are helpful in promoting the partnerships, and university students were found to be successful mediators.Originality/valueOn the basis of the experiences gained from starting an ESD program in the community, this research provides some clues to initiate service learning or community‐based research based upon community‐university partnerships.
Three species of small deep-sea squaloid sharks, Etmopterus lucifer, E . unicolor and Centroscyllium ritteri, were examined to study their vertical distribution and feeding habits on the basis of specimens collected from the continental shelf and upper slope off Choshi, located at the Pacific coast of Japan.E. lucifer inhabited the shallowest (mean depth range 200-300m) waters among the three species whereas E. unicolor lived in the deepest waters (mainly in 450-850m depth).E. lucifer showed an increase in depth with growth, Sex ratios by depth varied from species to species. Males always outnumbered females in E. lucifer. Stomach content analysis for E. lucifer demonstrated that small squids (mostly Watasenia scintillans) were the most important prey and that fish (mainly myctophids) were next in importance. Food items of E. unicolor consisted mainly of Watasenia scintillans, myctophids and Natantia (Acanthephyra sp.). Euphausiids were the main food items constituting 97% of the total number of the prey in C. ritteri.On the other hand, fishes showed high frequency of occurrence in stomach contents of C. ritteri although they were not of importance in numbers.In E. lucifer, the dietary importance of crustaceans like euphausiids decreased with size and as they grew larger, they tended to feed on squids and fishes. From the above observations food overlaps among these three species are considered to be low.
Water management systems and other business situations of shrimp culturists were surveyed in two districts in southern Thailand. There were three types of water management systems in southern Thailand, namely closed, semiclosed and open systems, categorized by the frequency of exchange of pond water. Shrimp culturists in those districts tended to shift their system from the open system to the closed system of their own accord, and the average net income ratio decreased due to the change of water management system in a district from more than 2 to less than 1. The reason for this shift, in spite of the decrease in the profit rate, was prevention of infectious disease caused by water exchange. In conclusion, it was proven that independent shrimp culturists, such as medium and small scale shrimp pond owners in southern Thailand, would accept short-term decreases in profit rate in order to stabilize production.
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