The improvement in hyphenated analytical techniques has significantly widened their applications to the analysis of biomaterials. In this article, we discuss recent advances in applications of hyphenated chromatographic techniques including capillary electrophoresis to the analyses of biological samples. As tools of separation, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are considered with special emphasis on applications utilizing the hyphenation of these methods to mass spectrometry. Moreover, applications using other detection methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy hyphenated to gas chromatography and photodiode array detector combined with high-performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis are also discussed. Owing to their high sensitivity, luminescence-based detection systems such as laserinduced fluorescence and chemiluminescence are also included in this review. Figure 3. Scheme of the coupled-column approach. C1: first analytical column; C2: second analytical column; DC: dummy column; GC: guard column; GP: gradient pump; IP: isocratic pump; IV: injection valve; MP: mobile phase reservoir; RV: Rheodyne switching valve; VV: Valco switching valve. Reprinted from Polettini et al. (1998) with permission from Elsevier Science.
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