Purpose .To review studies focusing on cilioretinal arteries (CLRA) in order to assess the overallprevalenceandestablishtheprevalenceofCLRAinaHungarianCaucasianpopulation.Methods #1 .Systematic literature review of published studies with at least 100 participants.Methods #2 .Non-mydriatic digital colour photographs were taken of 1000 consecutively enrolled healthy Caucasian young adult volunteers. Images were graded by two trained independent observers. Number and location of identified cilioretinal arteries were recorded and statistically analysed.Results #1 .Prevalence of CLRA ranges from 6.9% to 49.5%. Detection with fluorescein angiography yields the highest values followed by fundus photography and ophthalmoscopy. Unilateral presence of CLRA is between 70.30% and 93.65%, and temporal location is between 80.77% and 100%.Results #2.We found at least one CLRA in 36.5% of the participants and in 22.75% of all the examined eyes. Cilioretinal arteries (CLRA) were unilateral in 75.34% and bilateral in 24.66%. Of all the identified CLRA, 96.16% were originating from the temporal rim of the optic disc. We identified at least one temporal CLRA supplying the macula in 28% of the participants and 16.95% of the examined eyes. Conclusion .Prevalence of CLRA varies depending on identification method. Unilateral presence is unequivocally more frequent similarly to temporal location. From a risk of bias standpoint, high-quality studies are rare. Our data on the distribution pattern of CLRA are similar to that in the international literature. Based on our findings, we assume that slightly more than one-third of the Hungarian Caucasian population has a CLRA.

Bevezetés: A centrális kritikus fúziós frekvencia (CFF) mérése a szemészetben gyakran alkalmazott vizsgálat, segítséget adhat több szemészeti, neurológiai, belgyógyászati betegség diagnosztizálásában, illetve meglévő betegségek progreszsziójának követésében. Célkitűzés: A szerzők az IMEA ADR III digitális CFF-mérő készüléket tesztelték 30 fiatal, egészséges, magyar személyen. Módszer: Általános szemészeti vizsgálatot követően, a műszer által kibocsátott négyféle fénnyel végeztek méréseket, minden színnel ötször egymás után, két különböző napon, három különböző időpont-ban, standardizált körülmények mellett. A statisztikai elemzés során az intrasession-, intersession-és intervisit-variabilitást, az egyes színek közötti különbségeket és egyes befolyásoló faktorok hatásait vizsgálták. Eredmények: Az egyes mérési sorozatok között sem középértékben, sem a szórásokban nem találtak különbséget. A vörös színnel végzett vizsgálat küszöbérték-eredményei statisztikailag alacsonyabbak voltak a többinél, illetve a kék szín küszöbértékei alacsonyabbak voltak a zöldnél. A nemre, életkorra, íriszszínre és dohányzásra vonatkozóan nem találtak különbségeket a küszöbértékekben. Következtetések: A műszer egészséges populáción, egymástól független időpontokban, megbízha-tóan, pontosan mér, az eredmények jól reprodukálhatóak. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(27), 1079-1086. Kulcsszavak: kritikus fúziós frekvencia, CFF, reprodukálhatóságReproducibility of measurements using the IMEA ADR III critical flicker-fusion frequency measuring device Introduction: Measurement of central critical flicker-fusion frequency is a common screening test for eye diseases and additionally it can serve as a useful diagnostic test in numerous neurological and internal diseases. The test might also be used for monitoring purposes. Aim: The aim of the authors was to evaluate a digital central critical flicker-fusion frequency measuring device (IMEA ADR III) in 30 young, healthy Hungarian subjects. Method: After a general ophthalmological screening examination, monocular central critical flicker-fusion frequency was measured with four colours. Measurements were carried out on two separate days in three sessions under standardized conditions. Intrasession, intersession and intervisit variabilities, differences in central critical flicker-fusion frequency using the four colours and the effect of certain other influencing factors were determined. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between sessions in the mean and standard deviation of the measurement sets. The central critical flicker-fusion frequency threshold for red colour was significantly lower than for other colours, and the threshold for blue colour was significantly lower than for green. There were no significant differences regarding sex, age, iris colour, and smoking indicating that these factors did not influence the central critical flicker-fusion frequency threshold in these subjects. Conclusions: Measurement results with the device are reliable and reproducible in healthy, young po...

Purpose To evaluate the characteristics and morphological alterations in central retinal ischemia caused by diabetic retinopathy (DR) or retinal vein occlusion (RVO) as seen in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and their relationship to visual acuity. Methods Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) and OCTA (Topcon, Triton) data of patients with central involving retinal ischemia were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. The following parameters were evaluated: vessel parameters, foveal avascular zone (FAZ), intraretinal cysts (IRC), microaneurysms (MA), vascular collaterals in the superficial (SCP) and deep plexuses (DCP), hyperreflective foci (HRF), epiretinal membrane (ERM), external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, as well as the disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), age, gender, disease duration and ocular history were also recorded. Results 44 eyes of 44 patients (22 with RVO, 22 with DR) were analyzed. The mean age was 60.55 ± 11.38 years and mean BCVA 0.86 ± 0.36 (Snellen, 6m). No significant difference was found between DR subgroups (non proliferative vs. proliferative). Between RVO subgroups (CRVO vs. BRVO) a significant difference was found in term of collateral vessel of the DCP (p = 0.014). A pooled DR and RVO group were created and compared. Significantly more MAs (p = 0.007) and ERM (p = 0.007) were found in the DR group. Statistically significant negative correlation was demonstrated between FAZ and BCVA (p = 0.45) when analyzing all patients with retinal ischemia. Conclusion This study has shown that the best predictor of visual outcome in center involved ischemic diseases is the size of FAZ. Besides the presence of MAs and ERM, all other OCT and OCTA parameters were present in a similar extent in DR and RVO group despite the completely different disease origins. Our results suggest that as soon as retinal ischemia in the macular region is present, it has a similar appearance and visual outcome independently of the underlying disease.

A szemfenéki artériás érelzáródás hirtelen, fájdalmatlan látásvesztéssel járó, sürgősségi ellátást igénylő állapot. A retina vérellátásáról a belső magvas rétegig a szemgolyó két különálló artériás rendszere közül a legtöbbször csak az arteria centralis retinae és ágrendszere gondoskodik. A cilioretinalis artéria egy olyan anatómiai variáns, melynek révén a macula vérellátásához a ciliaris artériás rendszer is hozzájárulhat, ami az arteria centralis retinaet érintő okklúzió bekövetkezése esetén döntő szerepet játszhat a centralis látás megőrzésében. Egy cilioretinalis artériával rendelkező 67 éves nőbeteg centralis retinalis artériás okklúziót követő spontán látásjavulását mutatjuk be fundusfotográfia és optikaikoherencia-tomográfiás felvételekkel. A páciens 1 hetes panaszokkal érkezett, ezért akut terápiában már nem tudtuk részesíteni. Kontrollvizsgálatai során azonban állapota fokozatosan javult, és spontán visszanyerte az 1,0-s látásélességét. A macula vérellátásában részt vevő cilioretinalis artéria jelenléte esetén arteria centralis retinae érelzáródást követően is lehetséges a látásélesség megőrzése, illetve látásromlás esetén az elzáródás előtti látásélesség spontán visszatérése. Spontaneous visual recovery following a central retinal artery occlusion in a patient with a cilioretinal arteryRetinal arterial occlusion causes acute, painless vision loss, and it requires immediate emergency care. There are two separate arterial systems (retinal and ciliary) in the retina, and in most cases only the central retinal artery and its branches supply blood to the inner retinal layers. Cilioretinal artery is an anatomical variant, which can also supply blood to the macula from the ciliary arterial system, and in the case of a retinal arterial occlusion, the cilioretinal artery could save central vision. We report a case of a 67-year-old woman who suffered a central retinal arterial occlusion while having a patent cilioretinal artery and she had a complete recovery of her central visual acuity. A series of fundus photography and optical coherence tomography images are presented that were taken during follow-up. The patient's complaints started one week before she presented in our department therefore acute therapy was not given. However, during the course of the follow-up her status gradually improved, and she finally regained 1,0 (20/20) visual acuity. In the presence of a cilioretinal artery following a central retinal arterial occlusion, there is a chance of visual acuity preservation. Keywords: central retinal arterial occlusion, cilioretinal artery, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography Angeli O, Nagy ZZs, Schneider M. [Spontaneous visual recovery following a central retinal artery occlusion in a patient with a cilioretinal artery].