Several bio-friendly carbohydrate disulfides and thiocarbohydrates have been synthesized via the reaction of D-(+)-gluconic acid d-lactone with aminoalkylthiols, leading to n-gluconamidoalkyldisulfides (L3) and (2-gluconamidoethyl)thiol (L4)}. Acetylation of hydroxy groups in L1-L3 and subsequent reduction produced the following disulfides and thiols: acetylated di(2-gluconamidoethyl)disulfide (L5), acetylated di(3-gluconamidopropyl)disulfide (L6), acetylated di(4-gluconamidobutyl)disulfide (L7), acetylated di(2-gluconamidoethyl)thiol (L8), acetylated di(3-gluconamidopropyl)thiol (L9) and acetylated di(4-gluconamidobutyl)thiol (L10). Compounds L1-L10 were characterized by combination of NMR and infrared spectroscopy, microanalysis, mass spectrometry and in a selected case X-ray crystallographic data. These thiocarbohydrate compounds were used to stabilize gold nanoparticles to gold glyconanoparticles (AuNPs) of sizes in the range of ca. 2-9 nm. The thiocrabohydrates are non-toxic toward both cancer and normal cell lines and have IC 50 values generally Z200 mM.
The main aim of this study was to try and establish if chicken farming could be utilised for alleviation of rural unemployment and poverty. The study examined the skills and knowledge through education that would be required for successful chicken farming. The population for the study were all experts in poultry industry. This population included established and emerging chicken farmers, government officials who are involved in chicken farming projects in rural areas, veterinarians specialising in poultry, and any other individuals with expert knowledge in chicken farming. The sample comprised of six individuals that included two large commercials farmers, one small holder farmer, two officials from the DTI and one wholesale meat supplier. A semi-structured, open-ended interview questionnaire was designed and used for interviewing purposes. Interviews permit triangulation of information obtained from other sources and thus increase the integrity of study findings. The findings of the study suggested that: Chicken farming could be used for alleviation of rural unemployment and poverty; Success of such projects depended on farmers receiving technical and financial support. hands-on training was considered the best form of training.
Macro(meso) porous polymer materials were prepared via a modified TIPS method using reagent grade polymers mixtures; polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene (PVPS). Reaction conditions such as concentration, temperature and the solvents used were found to affect the morphology of the polymer materials formed. The use of low heat for polymer dissolution, near critical point polymer concentration and a miscible solvent/non-solvent pair in excess non-solvent were found to produce porous polymers. The macro-(meso-) porous materials were further used in metal adsorption/desorption studies and they were found to remove up to 80 % of Cu(II), Ag(I) and Au(III) from aqueous solution. Adsorption/desorption experiments were performed using the polymer monolith KSP1{(PAN : PVPS = 75 : 25 (w/w) in DMSO : H 2 O = 90 : 10(v/v)} and it showed excellent reusability adsorbing and desorbing up to 90 % of the metal ions in a series of five cycles. Ternary solutions for adsorption/desorption experiments were added in the order Cu(II), Ag(I) and Au(III). KEYWORDS Fabrication, polymer monolith, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene, adsorption of group 11 metal ions.
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