TitleEffects of timing and severity of salinity stress on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield, grain composition, and starch functionality ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to examine agronomic, compositional, and functional changes in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains from plants grown under low-to-moderate salinity stress in the greenhouse. Plants were grown in sodium chloride-containing soil (2 or 4 dS/m 2 electrical conductivity), which was imposed 4-weeks after transplant (called Seedling EC2 and EC4) or after the appearance of the anthers (called Anthesis EC2 and EC4). The former simulates field conditions while the latter permits observation of the isolated effect of salt on grain filling processes. Key findings of this study are the following: (i) Plants showed adaptive responses to prolonged salt treatment with no negative effects on grain weight or fertility. Seedling EC2 plants had more panicles and enhanced caryopsis dimensions, while surprisingly, Seedling EC4 plants did not differ from the control group in the agronomic parameters measured. (ii) Grain starch increased in Seedling EC4 (32.6%) and Anthesis EC2 (39%), respectively, suggesting a stimulatory effect of salt on starch accumulation. (iii) The salinity treatment of 2 dS/m 2 was better tolerated at anthesis than the 4 dS/m 2 treatment as the latter led to reduced grain weight (28.8%) and seed fertility (19.4%) and compensatory increases in protein (20.1%) and nitrogen (19.8%) contents. (iv) Although some salinity treatments led to changes in starch content, these did not alter starch fine structure, morphology, or composition. We observed no differences in reducing sugar and amylose content or starch granule size distribution among any of the treatments. The only alterations in starch were limited to small changes in thermal properties and glucan chain distribution, which were only seen in the Anthesis EC4 treatment. This similarity of compositional and functional features was supported by multivariate analysis of all variables measured, which suggested that differences due to treatments were minimal. Overall, this study documents the specific response of rice under defined conditions, and illustrates that the plasticity of plant response to mild stress is complex and highly context-dependent, even under greenhouse conditions in which other potential environmental stress impacts are minimized. KEYWORDS: rice (Oryza sativa L.), salinity stress, starch, starch functionalityRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops as it is a staple for over 3 billion people globally.1 Starch, and to a lesser extent protein, determine grain yields and quality, two important criteria for rice producers.2 Yield stability is the overriding agronomic consideration in places where rice is critical for food security, while grain sensory attributes are an important driver in other markets.2,3 Rice yield and sensory quality are both affected by environmental stress, and there is increasing concern on the specific effects of both.4−8 Soil salinity i...

Cultured microalgae are viewed as important producers of lipids and polysaccharides, both of which are precursor molecules for the production of biofuels. This study addressed the impact of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on Chlorella sorokiniana production of starch and on several properties of the starch produced. The production of C. sorokiniana biomass, lipid and starch were enhanced when cultures were supplied with 2% CO2. Starch granules from algae grown in ambient air and 2% CO2 were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The granules from algae grown in 2% CO2 were disk‐shaped and contained mainly stromal starch; granules from cultures grown in ambient air were cup‐shaped with primarily pyrenoid starch. The granules from cells grown in 2% CO2 had a higher proportion of the accumulated starch as the highly branched, amylopectin glucan than did granules from cells grown in air. The rate of hydrolysis of starch from 2% CO2‐grown cells was 1.25 times greater than that from air‐grown cells and 2–11 times higher than the rates of hydrolysis of starches from cereal grains. These data indicate that culturing C. sorokiniana in elevated CO2 not only increases biomass yield but also improves the structure and composition of starch granules for use in biofuel generation. These modifications in culture conditions increase the hydrolysis efficiency of the starch hydrolysis, thus providing potentially important gains for biofuel production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1323–1331. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The objective of this study was to enhance biomass and lipid productivity in Chlorella sp. isolate 6-4 by inducing mutagenesis with two growth inhibitors: the herbicide quizalofop-P-ethyl, a known inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) activity, and chemical mutagen, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), at different concentrations and length of times. The induced-mutagenized microalgae were screened on selective medium containing 10-100 µM quizalofop. The biomass yield, biomass productivity, lipid content, and lipid productivity of mutagenized microalgae were determined. The result showed that 100-200 mM EMS concentrations and 30 min incubation time were the most effective. Biomass yield and biomass productivity of the mutagenized microalgae E50-30-40, E100-60-40, and E100-30-60 were statistically significant higher than those of the wild type. The mutagenized microalgae E100-30-60 showed that the highest biomass yield and biomass productivity were 111 and 110% higher than the wild type, respectively (p < 0.01). Lipid content and lipid productivity of the mutagenized microalgae E200-30-40 were 59 and 53% significantly higher than the wild type, respectively. It should be noted that biomass productivity of the mutagenized microalgae E200-30-40 was not significantly different from E100-30-60, meaning that this microalga strain exhibited highest both biomass and lipid productivity. These results indicated that inducing mutagenesis by EMS subsequently screening by herbicide could lead to enhance biomass and lipid accumulation. Therefore, this methodology could be used for improvement microalgae for biofuel production.