Materials in nature have fascinating properties that serve as a continuous source of inspiration for materials scientists. Accordingly, bio-mimetic and bio-inspired approaches have yielded remarkable structural and functional materials for a plethora of applications. Despite these advances, many properties of natural materials remain challenging or yet impossible to incorporate into synthetic materials. Natural materials are produced by living cells, which sense and process environmental cues and conditions by means of signaling and genetic programs, thereby controlling the biosynthesis, remodeling, functionalization, or degradation of the natural material. In this context, synthetic biology offers unique opportunities in materials sciences by providing direct access to the rational engineering of how a cell senses and processes environmental information and translates them into the properties and functions of materials. Here, we identify and review two main directions by which synthetic biology can be harnessed to provide new impulses for the biologization of the materials sciences: first, the engineering of cells to produce precursors for the subsequent synthesis of materials. This includes materials that are otherwise produced from petrochemical resources, but also materials where the bio-produced substances contribute unique properties and functions not existing in traditional materials. Second, engineered living materials that are formed or assembled by cells or in which cells contribute specific functions while remaining an integral part of the living composite material. We finally provide a perspective of future scientific directions of this promising area of research and discuss science policy that would be required to support research and development in this field.
Media preparation for perfusion cell culture processes contributes significantly to operational costs and the footprint of continuous operations for therapeutic protein manufacturing. In this study, definitions are given for the use of a perfusion equivalent nutrient feed stream which, when used in combination with basal perfusion medium, supplements the culture with targeted compounds and increases the medium depth. Definitions to compare medium and feed depth are given in this article. Using a concentrated nutrient feed, a 1.8-fold medium consumption (MC) decrease and a 1.67-fold increase in volumetric productivity (PR) were achieved compared to the initial condition. Later, this strategy was used to push cell densities above 100 × 10 6 cells/ml while using a perfusion rate below 2 RV/day. In this example, MC was also decreased 1.8-fold compared to the initial condition, but due to the higher cell density, PR was increased 3.1-fold and to an average PR value of 1.36 g L −1 day −1 during a short stable phase, and versus 0.46 g L −1 day −1 in the initial condition. Overall, the performance improvements were aligned with the given definitions. This multiple feeding strategy can be applied to gain some flexibility during process development and also in a manufacturing setup to enable better control on nutrient addition. K E Y W O R D S biopharmaceutical process, mammalian cell culture, monoclonal antibody, perfusion cell culture, recombinant protein 1 | INTRODUCTION Perfusion cell culture for the manufacturing of therapeutic recombinant proteins increases volumetric productivities compared to more traditional batch-like processes. This technology has been further developed in recent years while the industry continues to push for integrated and continuous manufacturing. 1-4 New economical and operational challenges are posed by different aspects of the continuous operation mode and some of the main limitations are linked to medium management. In fact, medium represents a significant portion of the perfusion cost of goods. 5-10 In terms of operation, handling of large medium volumes is also in contradiction to the general requirement for plant footprint reduction. 11-13 Thus, this study addresses some aspects of medium management for perfusion cell cultures by defining a concentrated feed that was used in parallel to the basal medium, and that only contained compounds that are depleted by the cellular activity. This dual feeding strategy was based on basal medium to maintain physiological conditions
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